Table 1. Proteins that have functions in both DNA damage response and autophagy.

Protein	Functions in DNA damage response (DDR)	Functions in autophagy and/or interplay with DDR
p53	Regulates cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis in response to DNA damage.74, 75, 77	Induces autophagy in response to DNA damage through transcription of ULK1, ULK2, DRAM, Sestrins 1/2 and ISG20L1.13, 14, 78, 88 In the cytoplasm, inhibits autophagy through AMPK inhibition.81, 127
p73	Promotes apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic-induced DNA damage.90 Induces transcription of glycosilases (associated to BER) in response to bile acid-induced DNA damage.91	Induces autophagy in a DRAM-independent manner.89 Binds to genomic sites near to the autophagy-related genes atg5, atg7, ambra1.128
UVRAG	Was shown to partially complement sensitivity of XPC transformed cells to UVC.129 Binds to and activates DNAPK complex, thereby promoting repair of DNA DSB through NHEJ.124	Participates in the multiprotein complex Bcl-2-Beclin1-PI(3)KC3-UVRAG that regulates autophagosome formation.20
E2F1	Promotes DNA repair and survival or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Recruits NER factors to sites of UV-induced DNA damage to augment repair activity.130, 131	Upregulates transcription of atg1, lc3, atg5 and dram. Activates autophagy in response to Etoposide.87
Parkin	Was found to associate with PCNA in the nucleus and enhance NER-mediated resolution of UV-induced lesions and BER-mediated resolution of H2O2-induced lesion.115, 116	Recruited to damaged mitochondria (by PINK1) to promote their degradation through mitophagy.29
ATM	Senses and responds to DNA double strand breaks, thus regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis.72, 73	Induces autophagy through of activation of TSC2 and inhibition of mTORC1 in response to ROS.79 Involved in autophagy activation in response to the N-mustard derivative BO-1051-induced DNA damage.132
HDAC	May influence repair of damaged DNA by regulating accessibility of DNA repair enzymes at sites of lesions. Downregulates expression of apoptotic genes.56, 57	Impairs autophagy activation.58 Inhibition of HDAC by valproic acid was shown to promote autophagic degradation of acetylated Sae2 and further reduction of DNA double strand break repair in yeast.46
PARP	Recruits BER proteins to sites of DNA containing single strand breaks through poly ADP-ribosylation.133, 134	PARP activation consumes NAD+, which results in ATP depletion, AMPK activation and further autophagy induction.53, 54