p53 |
Regulates cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis in response to DNA damage.74, 75, 77
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Induces autophagy in response to DNA damage through transcription of ULK1, ULK2, DRAM, Sestrins 1/2 and ISG20L1.13, 14, 78, 88 In the cytoplasm, inhibits autophagy through AMPK inhibition.81, 127
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p73 |
Promotes apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic-induced DNA damage.90 Induces transcription of glycosilases (associated to BER) in response to bile acid-induced DNA damage.91
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Induces autophagy in a DRAM-independent manner.89 Binds to genomic sites near to the autophagy-related genes atg5, atg7, ambra1.128
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UVRAG |
Was shown to partially complement sensitivity of XPC transformed cells to UVC.129 Binds to and activates DNAPK complex, thereby promoting repair of DNA DSB through NHEJ.124
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Participates in the multiprotein complex Bcl-2-Beclin1-PI(3)KC3-UVRAG that regulates autophagosome formation.20
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E2F1 |
Promotes DNA repair and survival or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Recruits NER factors to sites of UV-induced DNA damage to augment repair activity.130, 131
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Upregulates transcription of atg1, lc3, atg5 and dram. Activates autophagy in response to Etoposide.87
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Parkin |
Was found to associate with PCNA in the nucleus and enhance NER-mediated resolution of UV-induced lesions and BER-mediated resolution of H2O2-induced lesion.115, 116
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Recruited to damaged mitochondria (by PINK1) to promote their degradation through mitophagy.29
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ATM |
Senses and responds to DNA double strand breaks, thus regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis.72, 73
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Induces autophagy through of activation of TSC2 and inhibition of mTORC1 in response to ROS.79 Involved in autophagy activation in response to the N-mustard derivative BO-1051-induced DNA damage.132
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HDAC |
May influence repair of damaged DNA by regulating accessibility of DNA repair enzymes at sites of lesions. Downregulates expression of apoptotic genes.56, 57
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Impairs autophagy activation.58 Inhibition of HDAC by valproic acid was shown to promote autophagic degradation of acetylated Sae2 and further reduction of DNA double strand break repair in yeast.46
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PARP |
Recruits BER proteins to sites of DNA containing single strand breaks through poly ADP-ribosylation.133, 134
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PARP activation consumes NAD+, which results in ATP depletion, AMPK activation and further autophagy induction.53, 54
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