Activity of example neurons from SEF, DLPFC, and LIP during the matching pennies task. A–C. Spike density functions (SDF) for single neurons for trials separated by the animal’s choice (left or right) and outcome (rewarded, +, or non-rewarded, −) in the previous trial. For all 3 neurons (A, SEF; B, DLPFC; C, LIP), encoding of the previous choice was more robust when the previous trial was rewarded (2-way ANOVA, previous choice × previous reward interaction, p<10−4). D–F. SDF for the same neurons for trials separated by the animal’s choice in the current trial and the reward in the previous trial. The signals related to the upcoming choice was not significantly affected by the previous reward for any neuron (2-way ANOVA, previous reward × current choice interaction, p>0.25). The shaded area indicates mean ± SEM.