Table 1.

The various strategies used for TNF-α-based cancer gene therapy

Vector	Promoter	Specificity	Stage	References
Adenoviral	cytomegalovirus (CMV)	none	preclinical	(Gao et al. 2007)
Adenoviral	early growth response gene 1 (egr-1)	radiation inducible	Phase II/III trials	(MacGill et al. 2007; McLoughlin et al. 2005; Mezhir et al. 2006; Mundt et al. 2004; Rasmussen et al. 2002; Senzer et al. 2004; Weichselbaum et al. 1994)
Retroviral	multidrug resistance gene (mdr1)	drug and heat inducible	preclinical	(Walther et al. 2007; Walther et al. 2000; Walther et al. 2002; Walther et al. 1997)
Adenoviral	uroplakinII (UPII)	urothelium-specific	preclinical	(Zhu et al. 2004)
Adenoviral	mucin 1 (MUC1)	integrin targeting and tumor selective	preclinical	(Murugesan et al. 2007)
Adenoviral	CMV	tumor-associated glycoprotein targeting	preclinical	(Wright et al. 1998)
Polymer- DNA complex	none	transferrin receptor targeting	preclinical	(Jiang et al. 2007; Kircheis et al. 2002a; Kircheis et al. 2002b; Kursa et al. 2003)