Table 1.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Men (n = 107) | Women (n = 93) |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics | ||
| Age, y | 57.9±14.7 | 57.8±13.7 |
| Height, cm | 173.5±7.4 | 162.5±7.3*** |
| Weight, kg | 83.2±11.6 | 68.9±12.9*** |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7±3.7 | 26.1±4.6** |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 133.8±15.5 | 129.7±19.3 |
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 84.2±9.0 | 80.0±8.5*** |
| Heart rate, bpm | 58.3±10.3 | 62.6±9.2** |
| Questionnaire data | ||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 12 (11.2) | 20 (21.5)* |
| Drinking alcohol, n (%) | 60 (56.1) | 22 (23.7)*** |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 57 (53.3) | 39 (41.9) |
| Treated for hypertension, n (%) | 29 (27.1) | 28 (30.0) |
| Cardiac disease, n (%) | 10 (9.4) | 5 (5.4) |
| Electrocardiography | ||
| QRS duration, ms | 96.7±16.3 | 86.1±9.7*** |
| QTc, ms | 401±25.8 | 411±21.2** |
| Cornell product, mv × ms | 1133±731 | 877±450*** |
| Diastolic function | ||
| Normal function, n (%) | 69 (64.5) | 67 (72.0) |
| Group 1, n (%) | 14 (13.0) | 10 (10.8) |
| Group 2, n (%) | 16 (15.0) | 10 (10.7) |
| Group 3, n (%) | 8 (7.5) | 6 (6.5) |
| Conventional echocardiography | ||
| Left atrium volume index, mL/m2 | 28.4±7.3 | 24.6±7.6*** |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.40±0.06 | 0.37±0.05** |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 104.5±22.6 | 85.7±17.0*** |
| Ejection fraction, % | 61.7±6.4 | 64.2±5.9** |
| Doppler data | ||
| E peak, cm/s | 63.6±14.6 | 69.7±15.5** |
| A peak, cm/s | 61.4±15.5 | 65.4±16.0 |
| E/A ratio | 1.12±0.46 | 1.15±0.47 |
| s’ peaka, cm/s | 8.27±1.29 | 7.85±1.61 |
| e′ peaka, cm/s | 9.44±3.54 | 9.91±3.62 |
| a’ peaka, cm/s | 10.3±2.4 | 9.58±2.44* |
| e′/a‘ ratioa | 1.03±0.64 | 1.16±0.65 |
| E/e′ ratioa | 7.26±1.99 | 7.71±2.87 |
| 2D Strain | ||
| End systolic septal, % | −18.2±2.77 | −19.6±2.88*** |
| Peak systolic septal, % | −18.7±2.68 | −20.4±2.80*** |
| End systolic lateral, % | −19.1±3.60 | −20.7±3.58** |
| Peak systolic lateral, % | −19.5±3.50 | −21.2±3.32** |
LV, left ventricle. Group 1, impaired relaxation or low E/A and normal E/e′; Group 2, possible elevated end-diastolic pressure or normal E/A and high E/e′; Group 3, combined dysfunction or low E/A and high E/e′.
Values are mean (±SD) or number of subjects (%).
a
TDI velocities were averaged of septum, lateral, inferior, and posterior mitral annulus sites.
*
Significance of the sex difference: P ≤ 0.05,
**
P ≤ 0.01,
***
P ≤ 0.001.