Table 1. Descriptive statistics for variables included in the regression models.
| Simple model (only less-developed countries) | Full model (all countries) | Data source | Data years | |||||||||
| Infrastructure coverage models | N | Mean | S. Dev. | Min | Max | N | Mean | S. Dev. | Min | Max | ||
| Piped water coverage (%) | 866 | 53.5 | 34.2 | 0 | 100 | 970 | 58.3 | 35.2 | 0 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010 |
| Improved non-piped water cov. (%) | 863 | 27.9 | 21.8 | 0 | 94 | 967 | 25.0 | 22.2 | 0 | 94 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010 |
| Improved sanitation cov. (%) | 881 | 66.0 | 31.0 | 3 | 100 | 985 | 69.6 | 31.1 | 3 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010 |
| 5-yr lag GDP per capita (1990 $G-K) | 576 | 3727 | 3437 | 218 | 22515 | 680 | 6065 | 6640 | 218 | 36697 | Angus Maddison GGDC database; IMF World Economic Outlook | 1985–2005 |
| Inequality: % GDP to lowest 80% | 615 | 48.8 | 8.7 | 28.5 | 78.3 | 707 | 47.8 | 8.6 | 28.5 | 78.3 | World Bank | 1990–2010; 1–3x per country |
| Urbanization (%) | 736 | 50.0 | 24.3 | 0 | 100 | 840 | 53.3 | 24.8 | 0 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010 |
| Democracy-Autocracy scorea | 489 | 1.2 | 6.8 | −10 | 10 | 581 | 2.5 | 7.0 | −10 | 10 | Center for Systemic Peace [32] | 1990–2010 |
| Years since last regime change | 522 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 0 | 93 | 614 | 23 | 30 | 0 | 196 | Center for Systemic Peace | 1990–2010 |
| Coup (coup in last 5 years) | 946 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0 | 1 | 1050 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 | Center for Systemic Peace | 1990–2010 |
| WASH Mortality models | N | Mean | S. Dev. | Min | Max | N | Mean | S. Dev. | Min | Max | ||
| WASH-related death rate (per 1,000) b | 423 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0 | 4.33 | 501 | 0.39 | 0.61 | 0 | 4.3 | Estimated from WHO 2004, 2010 | 2002, 2004, 2008 |
| Piped water coverage (%) | 504 | 54.1 | 33.5 | 2 | 100 | 582 | 60.1 | 34.8 | 1 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | Multiple years c |
| Improved non-piped water cov. (%) | 504 | 28.8 | 21.2 | 0 | 75 | 582 | 25.1 | 22.7 | 0 | 94 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | Multiple yearsc |
| Improved sanitation coverage (%) | 513 | 67.1 | 30.8 | 7 | 100 | 591 | 71.4 | 30.2 | 7 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | Multiple yearsc |
| 5-yr lag GDP per capita (1990 $G-K) | 426 | 3674 | 3295 | 213 | 16177 | 504 | 6149 | 6767 | 213 | 34201 | Angus Maddison GGDC database; or IMF [33] when missing | 1997–2003 |
| Inequality: % GDP to lowest 80% | 357 | 49.1 | 8.3 | 28.9 | 78.3 | 426 | 47.8 | 8.4 | 28.9 | 78.3 | World Bank | 1990–2010; 1–3x per country |
| Urbanization (%) | 470 | 51.1 | 22.7 | 0 | 94 | 548 | 54.9 | 23.4 | 0 | 100 | UNICEF and WHO (2012) | 2002–2008 |
| Literacy (% of adults) | 368 | 79.7 | 20.1 | 14.2 | 99.9 | 446 | 83 | 20 | 14 | 100 | UNESCO | 2002–2008 |
| Child DTP-3 coverage (%) | 499 | 83.9 | 17.1 | 19 | 99 | 577 | 85 | 16 | 19 | 99 | WHO | 2002–2008 |
| Democracy-Autocracy scorea | 388 | 2.4 | 6.6 | −10 | 10 | 457 | 3.5 | 6.6 | −10 | 10 | Center for Systemic Peace | 2002–2008 |
| Years since last regime change | 411 | 17.4 | 18.4 | 0 | 97 | 480 | 25.3 | 30.9 | 0 | 199 | Center for Systemic Peace | 2002–2008 |
a
Extent of democracy and autocracy in a country. Score of +10 indicates strongly democratic, while −10 is strongly autocratic.
b
Estimated using methodology of WHO Environmental Burden of Disease.
c
Interpolated between years of available data.