Table 3.
Multivariate Associations between School Drug Testing and Student Perceived Risk and Disapproval of Marijuana Use
| School N | Student N | Occasional use | Regular use | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle School | ||||||||
| General population | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any testing | 883 | 85,580–85,868 | 1.07 | (0.976,1.162) | 1.08 | (0.976,1.204) | ||
| Any for-cause testing | 883 | 85,580–85,868 | 1.04 | (0.937,1.159) | 1.05 | (0.931,1.191) | ||
| Any random testing | 882 | 85,564–85,852 | 1.10 | (0.967,1.240) | 1.02 | (0.890,1.180) | ||
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any testing | 883 | 85,244–85,601 | 1.10 | (0.974,1.237) | 1.05 | (0.915,1.212) | ||
| Any for-cause testing | 883 | 85,244–85,601 | 1.07 | (0.937,1.218) | 1.08 | (0.929,1.259) | ||
| Any random testing | 882 | 85,228–85,585 | 1.09 | (0.909,1.302) | 1.01 | (0.803,1.268) | ||
| Student athletes | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any athlete testing | 812 | 19,488–19,547 | 1.11 | (0.935,1.328) | 1.03 | (0.835,1.280) | ||
| Any random athlete testing | 512 | 12,800–12,844 | 1.08 | (0.883,1.332) | 1.02 | (0.814,1.273) | ||
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any athlete testing | 812 | 19,270–19,349 | 1.24 | (0.957,1.611) | 1.13 | (0.811,1.564) | ||
| Any random athlete testing | 512 | 12,668–12,712 | 1.39 | (1.040,1.870) | * | 1.35 | (0.925,1.983) | |
| Students participating in non-athletic extracurricular activities | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any non-athlete extracurricular testing | 814 | 21,172–21,209 | 1.17 | (0.920,1.482) | 0.83 | (0.623,1.103) | ||
| Any random non-athlete extracurricular testing | 512 | 13,529–13,561 | 1.19 | (0.934,1.510) | 1.00 | (0.763,1.299) | ||
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any non-athlete extracurricular testing | 814 | 21,005–21,088 | 0.99 | (0.667,1.474) | 0.86 | (0.519,1.427) | ||
| Any random non-athlete extracurricular testing | 512 | 13,420–13,468 | 1.11 | (0.808,1.517) | 0.97 | (0.620,1.517) | ||
| High School | ||||||||
| General population | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any testing | 1,463 | 141,771–141,984 | 0.94 | (0.886,1.001) | + | 0.95 | (0.895,1.001) | + |
| Any for-cause testing | 1,462 | 141,640–141,852 | 0.92 | (0.857,0.984) | * | 0.92 | (0.867,0.981) | * |
| Volume of for-cause testinga | 279 | 30,069–30,096 | 1.00 | (1.000,1.003) | + | 1.00 | (1.000,1.004) | * |
| Any random testing | 1,461 | 141,550–141,762 | 0.98 | (0.904,1.064) | 1.05 | (0.968,1.145) | ||
| Volume of random testinga | 114 | 11,727–11,750 | 1.00 | (0.999,1.000) | 1.00 | (1.000,1.001) | * | |
| Random testing among all students | 1,460 | 141,419–141,630 | 1.00 | (0.862,1.157) | 1.11 | (0.901,1.374) | ||
| When any random testing was implementeda | ||||||||
| This or last year | 105 | 10,228–10,248 | 0.71 | (0.566,0.887) | ** | 0.82 | (0.655,1.021) | + |
| 2–3 years ago | 0.84 | (0.715,0.976) | * | 0.86 | (0.716,1.023) | + | ||
| 4+ years ago | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any testing | 1,463 | 126,182–126,374 | 0.95 | (0.893,1.011) | 0.95 | (0.893,1.008) | + | |
| Any for-cause testing | 1,462 | 126,048–126,242 | 0.91 | (0.850,0.975) | ** | 0.92 | (0.856,0.979) | * |
| Volume of for-cause testing | 279 | 26,867–26,902 | 1.00 | (1.000,1.003) | 1.00 | (1.000,1.004) | * | |
| Any random testing | 1,461 | 125,980–126,171 | 1.08 | (0.987,1.173) | + | 1.04 | (0.950,1.149) | |
| Volume of random testing | 114 | 10,261–10,271 | 1.00 | (1.000,1.000) | 1.00 | (1.000,1.001) | ** | |
| Random testing among all students | 1,460 | 125,846–126,039 | 1.11 | (0.892,1.386) | 0.96 | (0.761,1.213) | ||
| When any random testing was implemented | ||||||||
| This or last year | 105 | 8,815–8,828 | 0.74 | (0.608,0.890) | ** | 0.87 | (0.694,1.088) | |
| 2–3 years ago | 0.90 | (0.752,1.079) | 1.06 | (0.888,1.267) | ||||
| 4+ years ago | (ref) | (ref) | ||||||
| Student athletes | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any athlete testing | 1,340 | 29,206–29,228 | 1.09 | (0.966,1.238) | 1.17 | (1.026,1.326) | * | |
| Any random athlete testing | 830 | 19,512–19,527 | 1.01 | (0.865,1.177) | 1.12 | (0.947,1.324) | ||
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any athlete testing | 1,340 | 29,042–29,064 | 1.12 | (0.984,1.275) | + | 1.06 | (0.913,1.238) | |
| Any random athlete testing | 831 | 19,408–19,421 | 1.08 | (0.914,1.282) | 1.04 | (0.850,1.278) | ||
| Students participating in non-athletic extracurricular activities | ||||||||
| Perceive great risk in using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any non-athlete extracurricular testing | 1,345 | 34,061–34,104 | 1.01 | (0.875,1.160) | 1.14 | (0.986,1.320) | + | |
| Any random non-athlete extracurricular testing | 831 | 22,297–22,329 | 1.02 | (0.871,1.184) | 1.22 | (1.031,1.437) | * | |
| Disapprove of using marijuana at specified level | ||||||||
| Any non-athlete extracurricular testing | 1,346 | 33,921–33,959 | 1.13 | (0.980,1.309) | + | 1.03 | (0.865,1.217) | |
| Any random non-athlete extracurricular testing | 832 | 22,200–22,229 | 1.20 | (1.002,1.433) | * | 1.13 | (0.929,1.383) | |
Notes: Coeff=estimated regression coefficient. SE=standard error. OR=odds ratio. CI=confidence interval. OTM=illicit drugs other than marijuana. Middle school=8th grade. High school=10th and 12th grades combined. Student athletes defined as those who reported moderate to great participation in school athletic teams. Participants in non-athletic extracurricular activities defined as students who reported moderate to great participation in any of a variety of non-athletic extracurricular activities (academic clubs, performing arts, student publications, student government, etc.). All models simultaneously controlled for both student-level socio-demographics (gender, race/ethnicity, presence of both parents in the home, and average parental education), and school characteristics (grade (for high school models), region, sector, grade size, majority student race/ethnicity, population density, student socio-economic status), and year.
Only for students in schools with any of the type of testing specified.
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.