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. 2013 Oct 2;7:1115–1134. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S51303

Table 4.

Aerosol studies with macrolides, quinolones, and tetracyclines

Reference Drug Subject Production system Result Dosage LFTs Major adverse effects
Tsivkovskii et al83 Aerosol levofloxacin MP-376 HBE135 cells Under clinical evaluation Reduction in IL-6 and IL-8
King et al54 Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin, aztreonam PA, BC, SM, AX, SA Levofloxacin most potent MIC50 range from 8–32 μg/mL Dosage as instructed in package
Peterson et al85 Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin BA, YP, FT Effective dosage 90–120 mg/kg/day for both quinolones 5% levofloxacin 2% ciprofloxacin in 5% dextrose
Ong et al58 Liposomal ciprofloxacin Calu-3 PARI LC
Sprint and PARI Turbo Boy S compressor
Slower drug release from liposomes due to absence of in vivo trigger mechanisms Ciprofloxacin 50 mg/mL, pH 6.0, HSPC 70.6 mg/mL, cholesterol 29.4 mg/mL
Togami et al21 Clarithromycin Rat model Liquid microsprayer Aerosol more efficient delivery to ELF and AMs Aerosol 0.2 mg/kg, Oral 50 mg/kg
Ren et al102 Doxycycline Rats Electric nebulizer Prophylactic effect against treatment of smoking-induced mucus hypersecretion Aerosol doxycycline 20 mg/kg
Zhang et al67 Azithromycin dry powder In vitro
In vivo
Microsprayer High encapsulation 59.2% 3.82 μm AZI, raw material purity 95.5%
Nemec et al106 Clindamycin Mice, TNF-α, sTNFRI-sTNFR2, IL-Iβ, IL-6, PG Microsprayer Clindamycin alone better than clindamycin plus dexamethasone Normalized TNF-α, sTNFRs Clindamycin 40 mg/kg
Togami et al91 Telithromycin Rats, Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Mycobacterium avium S. pneumoniae resistant to Penicillin G, erythromycin A and levofloxacin Microsprayer Aerosol distribution more efficient in AMs and ELF Aerosol 0.2 mg/kg, Oral 50 mg/kg

Abbreviations: AMs, alveolar macrophages; ELF, epithelial lung fluid; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; PA, Pseudomona aeruginosa; BC, Burkholderia cepacia complex; SM, Stenotrophomonas maltophila; AX, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans; 1L-1β, interleukin 1β; 1L-6, interleukin 6; BA, Bacillus anthracis; YP, Yersinia pestis; FT, Francisella tularensis; Calu-3, sub-bronchial epithelial cell line; HBE135 cells, human bronchial epithelial cells; LFTs, lung function tests.