Table 1.

Ethno-botanical plant species used as medicines in Paddar Valley (J&K)

Name of the species	Local name	Family	Official part used	Important uses
Achillea millefolium L.	Bergeur, Gandana	Asteraceae	Leaves	Leaf infusion against stomachache, cold and as tonic
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royale	Patrees	Ranunculaceae	Roots	Used against diarrhoea, general weakness, impotency and fever
Allium corolinianum DC.	Praan, Gogcheegma	Amaryllidaceae	Bulbs	Indigestion and in cooking pulses and vegetables by the nomads
Angelica glauca Edgew	Choru, Chohore	Umbelliferae	Roots	Roots as spice and condiment
Aquilegia fragrans Benth	Kalumb, Jangli kuth	Ranunculaceae	Roots	Cystitis, gout, eczema, psoriasis and blood sugar
Arnebia euchroma (Royale) Johnston	Ratanjot	Boraginaceae	Roots	Anti-inflammatory, eye-diseases, cuts & wounds, tooth ache, anti-microbial, antipyretic and ear ache
Artemisia brevifolia Wall.ex DC.	Moori, Joon, tarkha	Asteraceae	Leaves	Stomach-ache, intestinal worms, appetite stimulant
Atropa accuminata Royale	Jala kafal	Solanaceae	Root	Anti-asthmatic, anti-spasmodic, diuretic, tonic and aphrodisiac
Berberis lycium Royale	Daruhaldi, khawaray	Berberidaceae	Fruits, roots	Fruit extract against stomachache and diarrhoea, jaundice and liver diseases, roots extract called ‘Rasaunt’ used as cooling agent and eye lotion
Bergenia ciliata (Hook f.Thomas) Engl.	Zakham-a-hayat, sapdotri	Saxifragaceae	Roots	Massage to cure body swelling, kidney stones, wound healing, cosmetics, etc.
Bunium persicum L	Kala zeera, sia zeera	Apiaceae	Seeds	Seed as spice, appetiser, reduces cholesterol, anxiety and depression, indigestion, dysentery, carminative, bronchitis, diseases of blood and ear, leprosy and convulsions.
Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth	Bibdi ( Paddri)	Companulaceae	Fruit	Eaten as vegetable, roots are aphrodisiac
Colchicum leutum Baker	Chingposh	Liliaceae	Corms	Rheumatism, gout, diseases of liver and spleen
Dactylorhiza hetagirea (D.Don) Soo	Salam panja, hathpanja	Orchidaceae	Roots	Round worms of stomach, inducing pus formation in boils
Delphinium brunonianum Wall.	Nirvisha, Changuathpa	Ranunculaceae	Whole plant	Diabetes
Ephedra gegardiana Wall.Ex Stapf	Tutfoor, Rachi, trudak	Epherdraceae	Twigs	Asthma, cardiac stimulant hay fever, rashes of allergic origin, respiratory disorder rand sunburn
Eremurus himailicus Baker	Prezdar, Kaahlu ( Paddri)	Asphodelaceae	Leaves, Roots	As leafy vegetable, even roots are cooked when young foliage is mature and not fit for eating
Gentiana kurroo Royale	Neel kanth, Tikta	Gentianaceae	Whole plant	Blood purifier, fever, cough, liver ailments and headache
Geranium pretense L.	Gugchuk, ringresh	Geraniaceae	Leaves	Diarrhoea and dysentery
Hippophae rhamnoides L.	Charma, tirku, buru	Elaeagnaceae	Fruits	Improvement of digestion, antioxidants, tumours, liver ailments, eye ailments, bronchial asthma, skin wrinkles and high cholesterol
Hyoscymous niger L.	Bajerbhang, murg jawain	Solanaceae	Leaves, flowers	Nervousness, asthma, and whooping cough.
Hyssopus officinalis L.	Tengu, tyangu	Lamiaceae	Flowers	Substitute for saffron, in Tibetan medicine, liver and blood disorders
Inula racemosa Hook.f. royleana	Poshkarmool	Asteraceae	Roots	Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-asthmatic, antiseptic
Juniperus communis L.	Bethri, Dhoop	Cupressaceae	Flowers, fruits	Carminative, curing asthma, against swellings, tumours, warts, stimulant and diuretic
Jurinea dolomiaea (Royale) C.B. Clarke	Dhoop, guggal	Asteraceae	Roots	Dhoop making
Lavatera cashmeriana Cambess	Gursaunchal	Malvaceae	Roots	Roots recommended in respiratory complaints
Morina Longifolia Wall ex DC.	Kandmool, kim	Dipsacaceae	Roots	Wounds, incense, dhoops
Onosoma hispidia Wall.ex G.Don.	Ratanjot, ratmundi	Boraginaceae	Root	Rheumatism, heat disorders, hair treatment
Picrrorhiza kurroo Royale ex Benth	Kuru, kaur, Honglen	Scrophulariaceae	Flower, rhizomes	Fever, hepatoprotective, tonic to improve appetite, rheumatic arthritis
Plantago depressa Willd.	Van isabgol, chapach patri, Tharam	Plantaginaceae	Whole plant	Infusion against gastro-intestinal inflammation, dysentery and anti-diarrhoeal
Podophyllum hexandrum Royale	Bankakru, Rhodadari	Podophyllaceae	Rhizome, roots	Hepatic, stimulant, diarrhoea, purgative, liver ailments and cancer treatment
Polygonatum verticillatum L.	Salam dana, mishri, mithadodhu	Liliaceae	Roots	Appetiser, backache and menstrual troubles
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix.	Rengo	Ranunculaceae	Whole plant	Diarrhoea
Rheum australe Wall ex Weissn	Padshah, pambchalan,	Polygonaceae	Roots	Stomach-ache, cuts and wounds, muscular swellings and mumps, dye woollens
Rheum webbianum Royale.	Lachhu	Polygonaceae	Roots	Chronic diarrhoea, tender shoots and leaves as vegetable
Saussurea simpsoniana (Field. & Gardn.) Lipsch	Yogi padshah, Jogi phool	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Asthma, gynaecological problems
Saussurea costus Clarke	Kuth, Kuste Himid	Asteraceae	Roots	Asthma, bronchitis, cough, dental troubles, dysentery, hysteria, heart problems and menstruation trouble
Saussurea obvallata Wall.Ex CB Clarke	Jogi gag, Pangehi	Asteraceae	Bracts	Cough and respiratory problems
Sedum ewersii Ledeb.	Shrolu, aggjadi, Shurupa	Crassulaceae	Shoots and leaves	Dysentery, healing of wounds and burns by gujjars
Swertia cordata (Wall ex G.Don)	Chirayata, Tikta	Gentianaceae	Whole plant	Stomach-ache, antipyretic, cough, joint pains, leucoderma
Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.)	Lidd guggli	Asteraceae	Leaves, flowers, roots	Intestinal worms, roots as incense
Taraxacum officinale Wigg.	Handri, Sanma, zear-gulay	Asteraceae	Roots, flowers	Tonic, stimulant, laxative, stomach disorders, indigestion and intestinal worms, roots and leaves as vegetable, flowers in making alcoholic drink
Thermopsis inflata Cambess	Lamo	Papilionaceae	Whole plant	Remove water from the body
Thymus serphyllum L.	Van jawain, marchi,	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Whooping cough, epilepsy, suppression of urine and menstrual catarrh, tea substitute, roots used in havan
Valeriana jatamansi Jones	Mushkbala	Valerianaceae	Roots	Tranquiliser and sedative action, in perfumes
Viola serpens Blume	Banfsha	Violaceae	Whole plant	Cough and cold