Table 2.

Pharmacological Effects of Mistletoe Extracts

PLANTS	PARTS USED	PHARMACOLOGICAL USES	REFERENCES
Viscum album	Leaf	Anti-cancer	Zee-Cheng, 1997; Mahfouz et al., 1998; Mengs et al., 2002; Cebovic et al., 2008; Kienle et al., 2009; Kienle and Kiene, 2007, 2010
	Leaf	Anti-diabetic and hypotensive	Lutomski, 1986, Swanson-Flatt et al, 1989; Adsersen and Adsersen, 1997, Gray and Flatt, 1999 and Orhan et al, 2005.
Taxillus chinensis	Leaf	Herb with high inhibitory ability on fatty acid synthase (FAS)	Wang et al., (2008)
Phragmanthera incana.	Leaf	Leaf extract exhibited a slight elevation of the levels of plasma L-aspartate aminotransferase activity and creatinine. Phragmanthin caused a reduction in the levels of plasma inorganic phosphatase, haemoglobin, muscle glycogen and blood sugar.	Fasanu and Oyedapo, 2008
Globimetula braunii	Leaf	Oxytocic properties: Leaf extract showed oxytocic properties compared with that of a standard uterine stimulant oxytocin and uterine smooth muscle antagonists, atropine and salbutamol	Le and Zam, 2008
Globimetula braunii	Leaf	Laxative properties: Fresh leaf extract of the plant exhibited laxative properties compared with a reference substance (Senna)	Fred-Jaiyesimi et al., 2008
Globimetula braunii	Leaf	Anti-oxidative Properties: Ethyl acetate fraction caused a significant increase (p< 0.05) in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and malonydialdehyde (MDA) levels, while the level of triacylglycerol decreased (p < 0.05) compared to control.	Okpuzor et al., 2009
Globimetula cupulatum	Leaf	Globimetula cupulatum was reported to have the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 63.84 ± 0.97% in a screening process. The extracts demonstrated high lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and possessed significant antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.	Akinmoladun et al., 2010
Globimetula cupulata	Leaf Leaf Leaf	Hypoglycaemic properties: The authors concluded that their result supported the traditional use of the leaf of the plant in the management of diabetes mellitus when compared with streptozotocin and metformin as reference drugs. Hypoglycaemic properties. Histopathological studies showed a restorative effect of the extract on pancreatic islet cells. G. cupulata was listed as an anti-hypertensive and hypoglycaemic plant	Ojewole and Adewole, 2007 Edem, 2009 Talha et al, 2011.
Tapinanthus bagwensis	Leaf Leaf	Anti-diabetic properties Anti-inflammatory Properties: The authors found that the extract from the butanol fraction possessed anti-inflammatory effects in experimental animals	Ekhaise et al, 2011 Patrick-Iwuanyanwu et al., 2010
Tapinanthus sessilifolius	Leaf	Antimalarial Activities: Leaf methanol sessilifolius extracts of Tapinanthus sessifolius showed a mild to weak antiplasmodial activity in the in vitro assay while it had intrinsic antimalarial properties that were doe dependent in vivo)	Okpako and Ajaiyeoba, 2004
Tapinanthus dodoneifolius	Leaf	Antimicrobial Properties; the authors found dodoneifolius a wide spectra of antimicrobial activities against certain multiple drug resistant bacterial and fungal isolates of farm animals including the inhibition of the growth of Bacillus sp.. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Proteus sp., and Pseudomonas sp	Deeni and Sadiq, 2002
Tapinanthus globeferus	Leaf Leaf	Anti-oxidant activities Antimicrobial activities; the authors found that the crude methanolic and chloroform extracts had growth inhibitory effects on B. aureus, P. stautii, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and K. pneumonia but did not inhibit the growth of S. typhi, A. niger and C. albicans. The authors also found the methanol extract bacteristatic and bactericidal, it also compared well with standard drugs, gentamycin and rifanpicin used as reference drugs in the study.	Cook et al, 1998 Ndukwe et al., 2001
Globimetula braunii	Leaf	Lipid Lowering Activities: The authors concluded that the results obtained indicated antilipemic and hypocholesteremic activities of G. braunii, indicative of possible cardio-protective potential in normo and hypercholesteremia situations.	Erukainure et al., 2010
Tapinanthus globiferus	Leaf	The authors concluded that the leaf extract globiferus lowered total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and suggested its use in the management of hypertension.	Akanji et al., 2009