Table 2.
Identification of leaf volatiles and quantification of their abundance in young and mature leaves of nine citrus cultivars from five types.
| RI a | Compound name | Young leaves | Mature leaves | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| FC c | PK d | ST | LBC | QJ | YHY | ZXY | HY | HSG | ERK | PK | ST | LBC | QJ | YHY | ZXY | HY | HSG | ERK | ||
| Aldehydes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 809 | Hexanal | A1 | M | M | M | M | 1.20 | 4.30 | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | 6.86 | 7.05 | 2.67 | M | M |
| 815 | 2-hexenal | A2 | M | 1.31 | M | M | 7.15 | 13.64 | 1.74 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 2.21 | 1.37 | 2.63 | 1.25 | 14.29 | 14.60 | 7.83 | 2.23 | 1.72 |
| 911 | Heptanal | A3 | /e | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 921 | 2,4-hexadienal, (E,E) *,b | A4 | T | T | T | T | / | / | T | T | T | T | T | T | / | M | / | M | T | T |
| 978 | Benzaldehyde * | A5 | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1058 | Melonal * | A6 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T |
| 1109 | Nonanal | A7 | M | / | / | / | T | 3.00 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | 2.51 | T | / | / |
| 1210 | Decanal | A8 | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | M | M | M | T | T | M | T | / | M | M |
| 1312 | Undecanal | A9 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | M |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 922 | α-thujene | MH1 | 2.70 | M | 2.58 | 3.27 | M | M | M | 2.24 | T | 5.27 | M | 7.95 | 2.26 | M | M | 1.03 | 3.70 | / |
| 945 | α-pinene | MH2 | / | 1.32 | / | / | 2.56 | 1.96 | 2.24 | / | M | / | 1.33 | / | / | 2.10 | 3.11 | 2.56 | / | M |
| 962 | camphene | MH3 | T | T | T | T | M | M | T | / | / | T | T | T | T | M | M | T | T | / |
| 992 | β-pinene | MH4 | / | 5.97 | / | / | 27.91 | 21.32 | 10.18 | 11.23 | 1.04 | / | 7.29 | / | / | 21.88 | 20.65 | 11.11 | 18.05 | 1.06 |
| 993 | β-terpinene | MH5 | 14.38 | / | 15.18 | 15.36 | 4.04 | / | / | 1.65 | / | 21.83 | / | 30.55 | 13.64 | 5.70 | / | M | 3.38 | / |
| 997 | β-myrcene | MH6 | 1.88 | M | 2.01 | 2.17 | / | M | 1.01 | / | 1.22 | 3.50 | M | 4.74 | 3.46 | / | 1.41 | M | / | 1.80 |
| 1011 | α-phellandrene | MH7 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1013 | 3-carene | MH8 | / | / | 4.23 | 3.31 | / | / | / | 1.88 | / | / | M | / | 8.51 | / | / | / | 5.87 | / |
| 1019 | α-terpinene | MH9 | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | / | 1.07 | M | 1.66 | M | M | M | M | M | / |
| 1029 | p-cymene | MH10 | / | 14.35 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1030 | Limonene | MH11 | 2.99 | / | 4.34 | 4.10 | 3.64 | 4.60 | 7.91 | 4.63 | 31.71 | 4.11 | 13.71 | 13.06 | 7.29 | 6.93 | 4.47 | 7.40 | 7.78 | 38.18 |
| 1041 | Z-ocimene | MH12 | M | M | M | M | M | 0.65 | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | M | / |
| 1056 | E-ocimene | MH13 | 6.10 | 3.71 | 6.55 | 4.92 | 31.41 | 25.20 | 7.71 | 6.35 | 3.37 | 8.97 | 1.95 | 8.33 | 8.51 | 22.09 | 25.44 | 4.22 | 7.30 | 1.76 |
| 1068 | γ-terpinene | MH14 | 2.69 | 19.12 | 1.59 | 1.70 | M | M | 27.07 | 5.88 | M | 3.09 | 7.38 | 2.63 | M | M | M | 26.66 | 4.25 | M |
| 1084 | β-cymene | MH15 | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | M | M | / | / | T |
| 1093 | Terpinolene | MH16 | 1.17 | 3.04 | 1.59 | 1.57 | M | M | 2.12 | 1.48 | M | 1.80 | / | M | 2.16 | M | M | 1.48 | 2.53 | M |
| 1113 | 1,3,8-p-menthatriene | MH17 | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | T | / | T | T | T | T | M | / | / | T |
| 1131 | α-pyronene * | MH18 | / | M | / | M | / | / | / | M | M | / | M | M | / | 1.14 | / | / | M | M |
| 1143 | Allo-ocimene | MH19 | / | / | T | T | / | 1.12 | T | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | M | / | / |
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1069 | Terpineol, cis- β * | OM1 | 1.79 | M | 2.51 | 1.91 | M | M | / | 1.22 | T | M | T | M | M | / | / | T | M | T |
| 1112 | Linalool | OM2 | 47.22 | 15.20 | 24.08 | 24.37 | 1.87 | M | 14.66 | 36.31 | 7.04 | 19.49 | 2.44 | 1.90 | 6.31 | M | M | M | 13.77 | 4.21 |
| 1117 | Thujone * | OM3 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | T | M | M | / | / | / | T | T |
| 1136 | Limonene oxide, cis * | OM4 | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | 0.11 | / | / | / | / |
| 1139 | Limonene oxide, trans * | OM5 | / | / | T | T | / | / | T | / | M | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | M | M |
| 1145 | Citronellal | OM6 | T | T | M | 1.48 | M | M | T | 1.39 | 5.02 | M | 1.98 | 5.45 | M | 2.09 | M | T | 4.39 | 18.42 |
| 1148 | Isopulegol | OM7 | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | 1.24 | / | / | M |
| 1156 | Pinocarvone * | OM8 | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | T | / | / | T | T | M | 1.31 | / | / |
| 1161 | Terpinen-4-ol | OM9 | M | M | M | / | M | M | M | M | / | M | / | M | / | / | / | / | M | / |
| 1177 | Umbellulone * | OM10 | T | / | / | M | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | M | / | M | / | / | / |
| 1188 | p-cymen-8-ol * | OM11 | T | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | 1.41 | / | / | T | / | / | / | / |
| 1192 | α-terpineol | OM12 | 1.65 | 2.23 | 3.62 | 2.68 | M | 3.34 | M | 1.98 | 1.36 | T | M | T | M | / | / | / | T | M |
| 1198 | p-menth-8-en-2-one * | OM13 | / | / | T | T | / | / | M | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | T |
| 1207 | Carveol * | OM14 | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1216 | p-menth-1-en-9-al * | OM15 | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | M | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | M |
| 1220 | cis-carveol * | OM16 | T | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1231 | cis-geraniol | OM17 | T | T | M | M | / | M | T | M | M | T | 1.22 | M | M | / | T | / | 4.60 | M |
| 1237 | β-citronellol | OM18 | / | / | T | M | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | / | M |
| 1239 | methyl thymyl ether |
OM19 | 2.01 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 5.51 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1243 | β-citral | OM20 | T | T | 6.52 | 5.99 | 2.14 | 4.10 | T | 3.28 | 7.61 | / | 15.10 | 3.15 | 9.57 | M | 1.37 | / | M | 4.03 |
| 1252 | p-menth-1-en-3-one | OM21 | / | T | M | M | / | / | T | M | T | / | T | T | T | / | / | / | T | T |
| 1258 | trans-geraniol | OM22 | T | T | M | M | T | T | T | M | M | T | M | T | M | T | T | / | T | M |
| 1268 | α-citral | OM23 | T | T | 8.93 | 8.92 | 2.93 | 5.42 | M | 4.81 | 11.23 | T | 19.65 | 4.06 | 12.47 | 1.02 | 1.32 | / | M | 5.32 |
| 1285 | α-thujenal * | OM24 | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1300 | p-Mentha-1(7),8(10)-dien-9-ol | OM25 | M | / | T | T | / | / | T | 1.37 | M | T | T | / | T | / | / | T | M | T |
| 1305 | Carvacrol | OM26 | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 1755 | E,E-farnesal | OM27 | / | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | T | T | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | T |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1335 | Ylangene * | SH1 | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | M | / | / | M | / | 1.92 | / | / | / | M |
| 1336 | δ-elemene | SH2 | 1.64 | M | / | / | / | / | 1.34 | / | / | 3.79 | / | / | T | / | / | 2.37 | / | / |
| 1347 | α-cubebene | SH3 | T | M | T | T | M | / | M | T | T | T | T | T | / | / | / | M | T | T |
| 1367 | Copaene | SH4 | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | M | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 1379 | β-bourbonene | SH5 | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / |
| 1393 | β-elemene | SH6 | / | 12.93 | 4.88 | 6.42 | M | M | 7.04 | 2.79 | 8.76 | / | 7.80 | M | 6.41 | M | 1.37 | 10.63 | 6.31 | / |
| 1409 | Zingiberene * | SH7 | M | / | M | M | / | / | T | T | T | M | / | M | T | / | / | M | M | T |
| 1415 | Caryophyllene | SH8 | 1.07 | 6.50 | 1.65 | 2.27 | 5.26 | 2.54 | M | 1.90 | 5.23 | 1.79 | 4.76 | 1.48 | 1.83 | 2.74 | T | M | 2.13 | 4.43 |
| 1419 | (Z)-α-bergamotene * | SH9 | / | / | T | T | / | / | 4.13 | T | T | / | T | / | T | M | / | 5.72 | / | T |
| 1423 | β-cubebene | SH10 | M | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | M | T | M | M | T | M | M | T | ||
| 1426 | α-elemene * | SH11 | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1431 | Aromadendrene | SH12 | / | M | T | T | / | M | M | T | / | / | T | M | T | M | M | M | T | / |
| 1433 | γ-elemene* | SH13 | 2.66 | T | / | / | 1.93 | 1.06 | 2.39 | / | T | 5.28 | / | / | / | 2.05 | M | 3.20 | M | T |
| 1435 | α-guaiene * | SH14 | T | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | 1.43 | T | M | T | / | / | / | T | / | M |
| 1441 | α-himachalene * | SH15 | / | / | T | T | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 1450 | α-caryophyllene | SH16 | M | 1.67 | M | M | M | M | 1.14 | M | 1.19 | M | M | M | M | M | M | 1.64 | M | M |
| 1452 | Allo-aromadendrene | SH17 | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | T | / | T | T | / | / | / |
| 1456 | Bicyclosesquiphellandrene * | SH18 | / | T | M | / | T | / | M | T | / | M | / | M | T | T | / | M | M | / |
| 1457 | β-santalene * | SH19 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | T |
| 1462 | β-farnesene | SH20 | / | / | 2.50 | 1.41 | / | / | 2.01 | 2.21 | 1.29 | / | M | 3.71 | M | / | / | 2.62 | 2.54 | M |
| 1470 | γ-selinene * | SH21 | 2.15 | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | 2.90 | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | T |
| 1475 | Germacrene D | SH22 | M | / | T | T | M | M | / | T | M | M | T | / | T | M | T | 1.75 | T | M |
| 1478 | β-selinene | SH23 | T | M | M | M | T | / | M | M | M | T | M | T | T | / | / | M | M | T |
| 1481 | γ-himachalene | SH24 | / | T | T | T | / | / | T | T | T | / | T | / | T | / | / | T | T | T |
| 1488 | α-selinene | SH25 | / | M | M | M | / | / | M | M | M | / | M | 1.11 | M | / | / | M | M | M |
| 1493 | δ-guaiene * | SH26 | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | / |
| 1496 | α-muurolene | SH27 | T | T | T | / | T | T | T | T | / | M | T | T | / | M | M | M | T | / |
| 1497 | β-gurjunene | SH28 | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T |
| 1500 | α-bulnesene * | SH29 | T | T | T | T | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | T |
| 1501 | β-cadinene | SH30 | / | / | T | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 1502 | cis-α-bisabolene * | SH31 | / | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T |
| 1503 | α-amorphene | SH32 | / | / | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | 3.98 | / | / | / |
| 1504 | γ-muurolene | SH33 | M | ND | T | T | / | / | T | T | / | M | M | T | T | / | / | M | T | / |
| 1505 | β-bisabolene | SH34 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 2.21 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 1.21 |
| 1506 | α-farnesene* | SH35 | M | 4.46 | M | M | M | / | / | 1.26 | / | M | M | M | M | T | T | / | M | / |
| 1509 | δ-cadinene | SH36 | M | M | T | T | M | / | / | T | M | M | M | M | T | / | M | M | M | T |
| 1510 | β-sesquiphellandrene | SH37 | M | / | M | M | / | / | M | M | T | M | / | M | T | / | / | M | M | / |
| 1512 | 8-isopropenyl-1,5-dimethyl-cyclodeca-1,5-diene * | SH38 | / | / | / | / | T | T | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | T | / | / |
| 1514 | Valencene | SH39 | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | T |
| 1515 | Eudesma-3,7(11)-diene * | SH40 | T | T | / | T | T | / | T | / | / | M | / | T | T | T | / | M | / | / |
| 1526 | α-panasinsene * | SH41 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1531 | (E,Z)-α-farnesene | SH42 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1643 | Cadalene * | SH43 | / | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1530 | Nerolidol 2 | OS1 | T | / | / | / | / | M | T | T | T | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | T |
| 1531 | Germacrene D-4-ol | OS2 | T | T | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | M | / | / | / |
| 1587 | Caryophyllene oxide | OS3 | T | M | / | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | / | / | T | T |
| 1592 | α-humulene oxide * | OS4 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1614 | Cubenol * | OS5 | T | T | / | / | T | / | T | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1626 | Spathulenol | OS6 | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / |
| 1657 | β-eudesmol | OS7 | T | / | / | / | / | M | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / |
| 1765 | α-sinensal | OS8 | M | / | T | T | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / |
| Ketones | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1399 | cis-jasmone * | K1 | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1484 | β-ionone * | K2 | / | / | T | T | T | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | T |
| Esters | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1219 | Acetic acid, octyl ester * | E1 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1328 | Methyl geranate | E2 | / | / | T | T | / | / | / | T | / | / | T | T | T | / | / | / | M | / |
| 1330 | Myrtenyl acetate * | E3 | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1360 | Citronellol acetate | E4 | T | / | / | T | / | / | T | / | T | T | M | M | 2.66 | M | / | T | M | 1.24 |
| 1370 | Nerol acetate | E5 | / | / | T | M | / | M | / | / | M | / | 3.93 | M | 4.49 | M | 2.39 | / | 1.63 | 2.21 |
| 1398 | Geranyl acetate | E6 | M | / | T | T | / | / | / | / | / | 1.34 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 5.25 |
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 877 | Styrene * | Ah1 | / | T | T | T | / | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | M | T | / | T | T |
| 1176 | Naphthalene * | Ah2 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | / | T | T | T | / | M |
| 966 | Phenol * | P1 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 1.56 | / | / | / |
| 1298 | p-thymol * | P2 | / | M | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1076 | 1-octanol | Ac1 | / | / | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | / |
| 1292 | Phenyl-but-3-en-1-ol * | Ac2 | T | / | T | T | / | / | / | T | / | T | / | T | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 1172 | Vinylcyclohexane * | U1 | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | M | M | / | / | / | M | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1387 | 1-decen-3-yne * | U2 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | / | / | T | / |
| 1286 | Indole | ND | / | T | / | / | / | / | T | / | M | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Data are arranged according to chemical groups and represent the mean percentage of individual leaf constituents from triplicate experiments; letter indicated by: T, Trace (<0.1%); M, moderate (between 0.1% and <1%).
a
Retention indices; analyzed on HP-5MS column;
b
Compounds marked with * indicate those reported for the first time in citrus leaves;
c
Family code. A, aldehyde; MH, monoterpene hydrocarbons; OM, oxygenated monoterpenes; SH, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; OS, oxygenated sesquiterpenes; Km ketones; E, esters; Ah, aromatic hydrocarbons; P, phenolic; Ac, alcohol; U, unclassified; ND, nitrogen derivative.
d
The full cultivar names corresponding to the abbreviations are the same as indicated in Table 1;
e
Undetectable.