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. 2013 Sep 5;14(9):18181–18199. doi: 10.3390/ijms140918181

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Simplified diagram of the plant endomembrane trafficking pathways. Protein synthesis and modification takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transportation of the proteins from the ER to the Golgi is essential for the correct protein conformation. Additional modifications and sorting of the proteins to the extracellular space-plasma membrane (PM), storage and lytic organelles is accomplished by the Golgi. Proteins can also be sorted from the Golgi to the chloroplast. The vesicles are transported to the prevacuolar compartment (PVC), which represents an intermediate compartment that is essential for proteins to reach the vacuole. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is an interface between the exocytic (Exo) and endocytic (Endo) pathways. COPII proteins facilitate ER protein export, and COPI proteins control the retrograde pathway. Cargo addressed for the protein-storage vacuole is transferred from the ER to the intermediate compartment PAC (Precursor-Accumulating Compartment). The SAR1 and ARF1 GTPases are indicated in anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively (modified from [93]).