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. 2013 Sep 11;14(9):18711–18739. doi: 10.3390/ijms140918711

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Biosynthetic pathways of grape berry secondary compounds. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaroyl:CoA-ligase (4CL), stilbene synthase (STS), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), flavonoid glucosyltransferase (UFGT), O-methyltransferase (OMT) (adapted from [3,43]).