Skip to main content
. 2013 Sep 18;14(9):19202–19229. doi: 10.3390/ijms140919202

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Posttranscriptional regulators of insulin system (ligands and receptors). Alternative splicing (bottom) is shown in the nucleus and the question marks indicate unknown regulators. PTBP and nocturnin promote the stabilization of insulin and IGF-1 mRNAs respectively. Question marks indicate unknown factors that may regulate mRNA stability. While HuD suppresses, PDI, PABP and PTBP promote insulin mRNA translation (Upper part of the schematic). PTBP promotes IR mRNA translation which is suppressed by let-7. miR-1, 29, 206, and 320 suppress IGF-1 mRNA translation, however trans-acting factors that regulate mRNA translation are not known. Lin-28 enhances IGF-2 mRNA translation while IMPs and miR-125b suppress it. HuR suppresses, while hnRNPC and PTBP enhance IGF-1R mRNA translation. Several miRNAs are known to target the 3′ UTR to suppress IGF-1R mRNA translation. Finally, insulin ligands are secreted where they bind their receptors to transduce signaling events (top of the schematic).