Table 1.
Clinical and economic characteristics at baseline
| Characteristics | PMX (n = 834) | GLA (n = 1,668) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 55.93 (11.13) | 55.63 (11.57) | 0.5298 |
| Male, n (%) | 439 (52.64) | 870 (52.16) | 0.8209 |
| Region, n (%) | |||
| North East | 315 (37.77) | 608 (36.45) | 0.5192 |
| South | 387 (46.40) | 774 (46.40) | 1.0000 |
| Mid West | 32 (3.84) | 69 (4.14) | 0.7195 |
| West | 86 (10.31) | 196 (11.75) | 0.2833 |
| Unknown | 14 (1.68) | 21 (1.26) | 0.3995 |
| A1c, %, mean (SD) | 9.55 (2.17) | 9.56 (2.20) | 0.9304 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 0.69 (1.26) | 0.70 (1.29) | 0.8343 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 560 (67.15) | 1,063 (63.73) | 0.0914 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 509 (61.03) | 1,043 (62.53) | 0.4665 |
| Myocardial infarction | 15 (1.80) | 29 (1.74) | 0.9144 |
| Congestive heart failure | 64 (7.67) | 153 (9.17) | 0.2092 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 57 (6.83) | 108 (6.47) | 0.7325 |
| Renal disease | 48 (5.76) | 78 (4.68) | 0.2446 |
| Retinopathy | 120 (14.39) | 238 (14.27) | 0.9356 |
| Neuropathy | 107 (12.83) | 210 (12.59) | 0.8650 |
| Nephropathy | 57 (6.83) | 121 (7.25) | 0.7003 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 94 (11.27) | 176 (10.55) | 0.5846 |
| Cancer | 44 (5.28) | 103 (6.18) | 0.3672 |
| OADs, n (SD) | 2.12 (0.86) | 2.14 (0.84) | 0.6389 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| Metformin | 642 (76.98) | 1,265 (75.84) | 0.5281 |
| SUS | 599 (71.82) | 1,230 (73.74) | 0.3077 |
| DPP-4 | 73 (8.75) | 144 (8.63) | 0.9200 |
| GLP-1 | 71 (8.51) | 119 (7.13) | 0.2197 |
| TZDs | 380 (45.56) | 746 (44.72) | 0.6908 |
| Meglitinides | 57 (6.83) | 142 (8.51) | 0.1435 |
| Alpha-glucosidase | 16 (1.92) | 35 (2.10) | 0.7641 |
| Baseline hypoglycemia, n (%) | |||
| Any hypoglycemia | 38 (4.56) | 64 (3.84) | 0.3910 |
| Any inpatient/ER-related hypoglycemia | 15 (1.80) | 31 (1.86) | 0.9162 |
| Health care utilization, n (%) | |||
| Any hospitalization | 109 (13.07) | 220 (13.19) | 0.9333 |
| Any diabetes-related hospitalization | 94 (11.27) | 189 (11.33) | 0.9644 |
| Health care cost in $, mean (SD) | |||
| Total cost | 8,310 (14,996) | 8,058 (14,668) | 0.6872 |
| Total diabetes-related cost | 2,739 (5,480) | 2,747 (5,505) | 0.9714 |
Notes: The following variables were used in the propensity score matching analysis: age; A1c %; comorbidity (hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy); medication (metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, statins, calcium channel blockers); baseline all-cause health care utilization (any hospitalization, number of hospitalization days, number of office visits, number of endocrinologist visits); baseline diabetes-related health care utilization (any hospitalization, number of hospitalization days, number of emergency department visits, any office visits, number of office visits); baseline all-cause health care costs (total costs, inpatient costs); baseline diabetes-related health care costs (total costs, inpatient costs, prescription costs); copay ($0–$15, $16–$30); initial year (2001, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009); health plan type (point-of-service, others); geographic region (North East, Mid West, unknown); diabetes education.
Abbreviations: A1c, glycated hemoglobin; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ER, emergency room; GLA, insulin glargine; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; PMX, premixed analog insulin; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione; OAD, oral antidiabetic drugs; SD, standard deviation.