|
Cobra (
Naja
spp.)
|
Alpha-cobratoxin |
N. kaouthia; N. siamensis
|
Long-chain alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
1) Bind to post-synaptic muscle nAChRs—produce reversible, non-depolarising block; 2) Bind to neuronal α7 nAChRs |
[136], [137], [234]
|
|
Cobrotoxin |
N. atra
|
Short-chain alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
Post-synaptic non-depolarising block |
[138], [139]
|
|
Cardiotoxin |
N. atra
|
3FTX |
Blocks axonal conduction, cytotoxicity |
[138], [139]
|
|
Toxin-alpha |
N. nigricollis
|
Short-chain alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
Post-synaptic non-depolarising block |
[136]
|
|
“Weak toxin,” WTX |
N. kaouthia
|
Non-conventional alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
1) Bind to post-synaptic muscle nAChRs—produce irreversible, non-depolarising block; 2) Bind to neuronal α7 nAChRs |
[136], [235]
|
|
Krait (
Bungarus
spp.)
|
Alpha-bungarotoxin |
B. multicinctus
|
Long-chain alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
Bind to post-synaptic muscle nAChRs—produce irreversible, non-depolarising block |
[106], [136]
|
|
Beta- bungarotoxin |
Bungarus spp. |
Phospholipase A2 |
Pre-synaptic block |
[108], [109], [117]
|
|
Kappa-bungarotoxin |
B. multicinctus
|
Kappa-neurotoxin (3FTx) |
Block neuronal nAChRs in autonomic ganglia |
[137], [149], [150], [236], [237]
|
|
Candoxin |
B. candidus
|
Non-conventional alpha-neurotoxin (3FTX) |
1) Bind to post-synaptic muscle nAChRs—produce reversible, non-depolarising block; 2) Bind to neuronal α7 nAChRs |
[134]–[136]
|
|
Russell's viper (
Daboia
spp.)
|
Phospholipase A2 activity |
D. russelii
|
Phospholipase A2 |
Pre-synaptic block |
[147], [148]
|
|
Daboia Neurotoxin-1 (DNX-1) |
D. russelii
|
Short-chain neurotoxin |
Post-synaptic block |
[146]
|
|
Viperotoxin-F |
D. russelii
|
Phospholipase A2 |
Pre-synaptic block |
[113], [238]
|
|
Mamba (
Dendroaspis
spp.)
|
Dendrotoxins—alpha, delta, I, K |
D. angusticeps, D. polylepis
|
3FTX |
Block neuronal voltage-gated potassium channels—pre-synaptic +/−post-synaptic effects |
[141], [200]
|
|
Fasciculins |
D. angusticeps, D. polylepis
|
3FTX |
Inhibit AChE |
[143], [144]
|
|
Muscarinic toxins |
D. angusticeps
|
3FTX |
Muscarinic effects by binding to muscarinic AChRs |
[136], [142], [204]
|
|
Calciseptine |
D. polylepis
|
|
Inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels |
[239]
|
|
Rattlesnake (
Crotalus
spp.)
|
Crotoxin |
C. durissus
|
Phospholipase A2 |
1) Pre-synaptic block; 2) Post-synaptic effect by desensitization of nAChR |
[116], [228], [233], [240], [241]
|
|
Mojave toxin |
C. scutulatus
|
Phospholipase A2 |
Pre-synaptic ion channel blocker |
[116], [170], [242]
|
