Table 1. Differences in biological traits of A. mellifera and A. cerana.

Biological traits	A. mellifera	A. cerana
Adapted to foraging in	Large patches of monocrop [4]	Scattered floral resources [4]
Balling as a defense against hornets	Weak [5]	Strong [6]
Collection of propolis	Yes [7]	No [7]
Direction of fanning	Outward from entrance [8]	Inward toward entrance [8]
Drone cell capping	Flat, without a hole [9]	Conical with a hole [9]
Minimum foraging temperature	14°C [8]	8°C [8]
Olfactory sense	Not as sensitive [8]	Sensitive [8]
Onset of laying workers in queenless and broodless colonies	>6 days [10]	2–3 days [11]
Resistance to Varroa destructor	No [12]	Yes [12]

Numbers in [] are references.