Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of obesity and overweight at age 18 among 35,178 participants in the Nurses' Health Study II by maternal smoking during pregnancy
| Maternal Smoking |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No smoking during pregnancy |
Quit smoking during pregnancy |
Smoked throughout pregnancy |
||||
| 1–14 cigarettes/day |
15–24 cigarettes/day |
25+ cigarettes/day |
Ptrend | |||
| Normal (BMI <25) (n=31,924) | 23706 (74.3%) | 1267 (4.0%) | 4388 (13.7%) | 2192 (6.9%) | 371 (1.2%) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25 to <30) (n=2,489) | 1763 (70.8%) | 89 (3.6%) | 390 (15.7%) | 216 (8.7%) | 31 (1.2%) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 1.33 (1.15–1.54) | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for maternal, paternal, and nurse's prenatal characteristics1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | 1.44 (1.23–1.67) | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for maternal, paternal, and nurse characteristics2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 1.33 (1.18–1.50) | 1.40 (1.20–1.64) | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for paternal smoking3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for birthweight4 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) | 1.23 (0.84–1.80) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for body size in childhood5 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 1.27 (1.12–1.43) | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | 1.10 (0.75–1.63) | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI≥30) (n=765) | 518 (67.7%) | 34 (4.4%) | 115 (15.0%) | 78 (10.2%) | 20 (2.6%) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 1.59 (1.25–2.02) | 2.38 (1.51–3.77) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for maternal, paternal, and nurse's prenatal characteristics1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.36 (0.95–1.95) | 1.45 (1.17–1.79) | 1.78 (1.39–2.29) | 2.55 (1.58–4.13) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for maternal, paternal, and nurse characteristics2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.29 (0.90–1.86) | 1.41 (1.14–1.75) | 1.69 (1.31–2.18) | 2.36 (1.44–3.86) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for paternal smoking3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) | 1.35 (1.09–1.68) | 1.61 (1.24–2.08) | 2.31 (1.41–3.78) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for birthweight4 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.32 (0.92–1.89) | 1.47 (1.19–1.82) | 1.76 (1.36–2.27) | 2.51 (1.53–4.10) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for body size in childhood5 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.33 (0.91–1.93) | 1.35 (1.08–1.68) | 1.63 (1.26–2.12) | 2.33 (1.41–3.85) | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age of the nurse daughter, year of birth of the nurse, maternal age at time of daughter's birth, paternal age at time of daughter's birth, maternal level of education, paternal level of education, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal prepregnancy BMI, paternal BMI, maternal history of diabetes, paternal history of diabetes, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, and home ownership of parents at the time of nurse daughter's birth.
Adjusted for variables above plus gestational age of the nurse, breast feeding history in infancy, age of nurse at menarche, adolescent physical activity, adolescent caloric intake, adolescent alcohol intake, and adolescent smoking status.
Adjusted for variables in the maternal, paternal, and nurse characteristics model plus paternal smoking.
Adjusted for variables in the maternal, paternal, and nurse characteristics model plus birthweight.
Adjusted for variables in the maternal, paternal, and nurse characteristics model plus self-reported body size during childhood (average of pictograms at ages 5–10).