Table 4.
Insecticide Use at Enrollment and Odds of Hypothyroid Disease Among Male Private Pesticide Applicatorsa
| Insecticide | No thyroid disease n =21,327; 96% Ever-useb (%) |
Hypothyroid n = 461; 2% Ever-use (%) |
OR (95%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organochlorines | |||
| Aldrin | 4,042(19.0) | 128(27.8) | 1.09(0.88,1.36) |
| Chlordane | 5,351(25.1) | 176(38.2) | 1.36(1.12,1.66)* |
| DDT | 4,863(22.8) | 172(37.3) | 1.25(1,1.56)* |
| Dieldrin | 1,470(6.9) | 49(10.6) | 1.04(0.76,1.42) |
| Heptachlor | 3,470(16.3) | 123(26.7) | 1.3(1.04,1.62)* |
| Lindane | 4,387(20.6) | 133(28.9) | 1.35(1.1,1.66)* |
| Toxaphene | 2,903(13.6) | 102(22.1) | 1.35(1.07,1.7)* |
| Organophosphates | |||
| Chlorpyrifos | 9,290(43.6) | 209(45.3) | 1.12(0.93,1.34) |
| Coumaphos | 1,861(8.7) | 52(11.3) | 1.24(0.93,1.67) |
| Diazinon | 6,636(31.1) | 179(38.8) | 1.24(1.02,1.5)* |
| Dichlorvos | 2,414(11.3) | 69(15.0) | 1.26(0.97,1.64) |
| Fonofos | 4,899(23.0) | 117(25.4) | 1.08(0.87,1.33) |
| Malathion | 15,261(71.6) | 362(78.5) | 1.29(1.03,1.62)* |
| Parathion | 2,996(14.0) | 86(18.7) | 1.2(0.94,1.52) |
| Phorate | 7,285(34.2) | 174(37.7) | 1.05(0.87,1.27) |
| Terbufos | 8,733(40.9) | 188(40.8) | 1.01(0.83,1.22) |
| Trichlorfon | 121(0.6) | 6(1.3) | 2.19(0.95,5.03) |
| Carbamates | |||
| Aldicarb | 2,052(9.6) | 42(9.1) | 0.99(0.72,1.37) |
| Carbaryl | 11,652(54.6) | 277(60.1) | 1.08(0.89,1.31) |
| Carbofuran | 5,941(27.9) | 170(36.9) | 1.31(1.08,1.59)* |
| Other | |||
| Permethrin (for crops) | 2,895(13.6) | 68(14.8) | 1.19(0.92,1.55) |
| Permethrin (for animals) | 3,161(14.8) | 70(15.2) | 1.14(0.88,1.48) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression and were adjusted for BMI (<25, 25-29.9, >=30), age at enrollment (≤ 38, 39-46, 47-57, ≥58 years), and education (≤ high school, > high school). ORs relative to 1.0 for the reference category of unexposed.
b
Ever-use at time of enrollment
*
p<0.05