. 2013 Oct 2;2:499. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-499

Table 1.

Summary of the literature on the effect of trace elements on crystallography parameters in synthetic HA

Crystallographic parameters	Trace elements that increase crystallographic parameters	Trace elements that decrease crystallographic parameters
Lattice along a-axis	Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn^2+a, Sr²⁺	SiO₄ ^4-, CO₃ ^2-, Zn^{2+ b}, Ti⁴⁺
Lattice along c-axis	Fe²⁺, SiO₄ ^4-, CO₃ ^2-, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Sr²⁺	Mg²⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺
Crystallinity	Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺	SiO₄ ^4-, CO₃ ^2-, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Mg²⁺, Ce³⁺
Crystal domain size along c-axis	Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺	Fe²⁺, SiO₄ ^4-, CO₃ ^2-, Zn²⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Mg²⁺, Ce³⁺

^a molar fraction >10%; ^b molar fraction < 10%.