Table 2.
Functional outcomes at 25 years by iron status in infancy.
| Outcome | Chronic iron-deficient* |
Iron-sufficient* | Log Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Test statistic† |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did not complete secondary school | 66.7 (22) | 19.2 (17) | −1.44 (−2.34, −0.54) | 10.21 | 0.001 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | 58.1 (19) | 19.8 (17) | −1.40 (−2.35, −0.45) | 8.74 | 0.003 |
| Not currently enrolled in school or training | 83.9 (28) | 27.4 (24) | −1.12 (−2.20, −0.04) | 4.29 | 0.04 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | 76.1 (25) | 31.5 (28) | −0.88 (−1.90, 0.14) | 3.01 | 0.08 |
| Not employed ≥ 20 hours/week in past month | 21.9 (7) | 39.0 (35) | 0.58 (−0.40, 1.46) | 1.41 | 0.24 |
| Not employed full time ≥ 6 months in past year | 26.9 (9) | 31.9 (28) | 0.17 (−0.85, 1.19) | 0.11 | 0.74 |
| Single | 83.3 (27) | 22.5 (20) | −1.27 (−2.35, −0.19) | 5.55 | 0.02 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | 83.9 (28) | 23.7 (21) | −1.17 (−2.27, −0.07) | 4.49 | 0.03 |
| Has children | 32.3 (11) | 47.3 (42) | 0.38 (−0.48, 1.24) | 0.79 | 0.37 |
| Beck Depression Inventory (total score) ‡ | 8.25 (1.42) | 6.12 (0.75) | 2.13 (−1.15, 5.41) | 1.65 | 0.20 |
| Negative emotions (z-score) | 0.53 (0.25) | −0.12 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.23, 1.07) | 9.62 | 0.002 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | 0.52 (0.19) | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.72 (0.29, 1.16) | 9.3 | 0.003 |
| Detached/dissociated (z-score) | 0.68 (0.22) | −0.20 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.49, 1.26) | 9.06 | 0.004 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | 0.62 (0.19) | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.82 (0.39, 1.26) | 9.69 | 0.002 |
| Physical symptoms of depression (z-score) | 0.05 (0.18) | −0.01 (0.11) | 0.06 (−0.37, 0.48) | 0.10 | 0.75 |
| Self-rating of emotional health (z-score) | −0.36 (0.22) | 0.15 (0.09) | −0.51 (−0.91, −0.11) | 4.58 | 0.04 |
| Adjusted for gender and SES | −0.41 (0.18) | 0.19 (0.11) | −0.59 (−1.02, −0.17) | 4.41 | 0.04 |
| Self-rating of overall health (z-score) | −0.04 (0.17) | 0.02 (0.11) | −0.06 (−0.48, 0.36) | 0.09 | 0.79 |
| Self-reported physical health problems (z-score) | −0.09 (0.19) | 0.01 (0.11) | −0.10 (−0.52, 0.31) | 0.22 | 0.64 |
| Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) § | 13.49 (1.02) | 12.87 (0.53) | 0.62 (−1.52, 2.76) | 0.33 | 0.59 |
| Life stressors in past year (number) □ | 2.15 (0.41) | 2.69 (0.23) | −0.54 (−1.43, 0.36) | 1.39 | 0.24 |
| Housing and material goods ¶ | 16.21 (0.81) | 17.36 (0.42) | −1.15 (−2.85, 0.55) | 1.58 | 0.22 |
*
Values are % (n) for categorical variables and mean (SE) for continuous variables. The number of participants with data varies slightly depending on the variable.
†
Test statistics are Wald-value for dichotomous variables and F-value for continuous variables.
‡
Maximum possible score = 63; higher values indicate more symptoms of depression.
§
Maximum possible score = 40; higher values indicate more symptoms of anxiety.
□
29 possible stressors.
¶
Maximum possible score = 24; higher values indicate better housing and more material goods.