Figure 3.
Kinesthetic detection threshold of stuttering (black bars) and nonstuttering participants (white bars) for passive jaw movements implemented by a robotic device in Task II. Group mean data for the upward and downward directions are shown in panel A. Error bars indicate standard errors. Individual participant data for the upward and downward directions are shown in panels B and C, respectively. Participants are rank-ordered from lowest to highest stuttering frequency.