Table 2.
Payment Effects on Outpatient Surgery Counts
| log (Counts of Principal Procedures) | log (Counts of Principal and Other Procedures) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 49505 | 49507 | 49520 | 49525 | 49505 | 49507 | 49520 | 49525 | |
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| log(payment) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.40 (0.17)** | 0.31 (0.14)** | 0.14 (0.19) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.46 (0.17)*** | 0.25 (0.14)* | 0.09 (0.19) |
| [0.19] [0.20] | [0.16]** [0.19]** | [0.16]* [0.15]** | [0.25] [0.22] | [0.18] [0.19] | [0.15]*** [0.18]** | [0.16] [0.16] | [0.27] [0.22] | |
| log(coins) | −0.05 (0.13) | −0.40 (0.15)*** | −0.22 (0.14) | −0.14 (0.18) | −0.11 (0.12) | −0.46 (0.16)*** | −0.17 (0.14) | −0.10 (0.18) |
| log(ASC_count) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.06) |
| tot pop | −0.00 (0.00)** | −0.00 (0.00)** | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00)* | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| c_prop_black | −11.01 (6.89) | −3.84 (7.83) | −8.41 (7.38) | −2.35 (10.90) | −9.60 (6.60) | −5.71 (7.90) | −5.94 (7.32) | −11.72 (11.00) |
| c_prop_hisp | 3.41 (3.89) | 12.36 (7.45)* | 3.87 (4.36) | −2.58 (5.43) | 2.48 (3.72) | 11.61 (7.51) | 2.35 (4.32) | −1.58 (5.48) |
| c_prop_female | 30.10 (16.10)* | −9.85 (25.92) | 22.74 (23.00) | −20.04 (41.20) | 35.28 (15.42)** | −15.41 (26.14) | 18.35 (22.82) | −28.20 (41.57) |
| c_prop_age65 | −5.83 (3.42)* | 4.60 (4.50) | −2.31 (3.73) | 2.44 (6.02) | −0.75 (3.27) | 6.20 (4.54) | 0.63 (3.71) | −0.43 (6.07) |
| unemprate | −0.04 (0.18) | −0.07 (0.22) | 0.01 (0.20) | −0.47 (0.29) | −0.07 (0.18) | −0.11 (0.22) | 0.05 (0.20) | −0.49 (0.29)* |
| unemprate2 | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| medhhinc | −0.08 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.10) | −0.18 (0.08)** | 0.03 (0.15) | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.10) | −0.16 (0.08)* | −0.06 (0.15) |
| medhhinc2 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00)*** | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00)** | 0.00 (0.00) |
| p_prop_female | −0.31 (0.21) | 0.46* (0.26) | −0.17 (0.24) | −0.08 (0.36) | −0.34* (0.20) | 0.42 (0.26) | −0.11 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.36) |
| p_prop_black | −0.37 (0.26) | −0.04 (0.31) | −0.13 (0.29) | 0.28 (0.41) | −0.47 (0.24)* | 0.03 (0.31) | −0.10 (0.28) | 0.45 (0.41) |
| p_prop_hisp | 0.25 (0.20) | 0.14 (0.24) | −0.05 (0.22) | −0.13 (0.31) | 0.27 (0.19) | 0.09 (0.24) | −0.03 (0.22) | −0.03 (0.31) |
| p_prop_age7585 | 0.05 (0.17) | −0.06 (0.21) | −0.29 (0.18) | −0.04 (0.26) | 0.01 (0.16) | −0.09 (0.21) | −0.25 (0.18) | −0.17 (0.27) |
| p_prop_age85 | −0.72 (0.24)*** | −0.56 (0.30) * | −0.43 (0.28) | 0.05 (0.40) | −0.62 (0.23)*** | −0.59 (0.30)* | −0.44 (0.28) | −0.11 (0.41) |
| p_prop_samediag | 0.40 (0.14)*** | 0.33 (0.18)* | 0.45 (0.17)*** | 0.36 (0.22)* | 0.44 (0.14)*** | 0.37 (0.18)** | 0.59 (0.16)*** | 0.49 (0.22)** |
| p_prop_cpd | −1.45 (0.22)*** | −0.14 (0.30) | −0.17 (0.26) | −0.51 (0.44) | −1.10 (0.21)*** | −0.04 (0.30) | −0.06 (0.25) | −0.62 (0.44) |
| p_prop_diabetes | −0.83 (0.40)** | −0.54 (0.52) | −0.01 (0.42) | −0.01 (0.66) | −0.99 (0.38)*** | −0.38 (0.52) | −0.13 (0.42) | −0.03 (0.67) |
| p_prop_renal | −2.65 (1.22)** | 3.58 (2.18) | −0.93 (1.52) | −3.93 (3.09) | −1.08 (1.17) | 3.24 (2.20) | −0.92 (1.50) | −4.09 (3.12) |
| nfprofit | −0.01 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.16) | 0.22 (0.16) | −0.08 (0.23) | −0.10 (0.14) | −0.18 (0.16) | 0.18 (0.16) | −0.02 (0.23) |
| govt | −0.22 (0.23) | −0.02 (0.27) | −0.10 (0.24) | 0.33 (0.40) | −0.38 (0.22)* | 0.01 (0.27) | −0.15 (0.24) | 0.37 (0.40) |
| teaching | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.12 (0.24) | 0.20 (0.21) | −0.08 (0.42) | 0.10 (0.20) | 0.13 (0.24) | 0.18 (0.21) | −0.20 (0.42) |
| acute beds | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Constant | −6.07 (7.93) | 4.01 (12.52) | −4.13 (11.22) | 13.52 (20.40) | −11.18 (7.59) | 7.28 (12.62) | −3.49 (11.13) | 21.18 (20.59) |
| No. of observations | 1,196 | 1,000 | 1,127 | 773 | 1,196 | 1,000 | 1,127 | 773 |
| R2 | 0.272 | 0.285 | 0.238 | 0.309 | 0.259 | 0.290 | 0.252 | 0.317 |
| No. of hospitals | 195 | 187 | 189 | 177 | 195 | 187 | 189 | 177 |
Note. All models also include hospital and year-fixed effects and three-digit zipcode-year dummies. Unclustered standard errors are reported in parentheses. For the key explanatory variable, the first row of brackets reports robust standard errors clustered by county and the second row of brackets reports robust standard errors clustered by hospital. Statistical significance is indicated by *** for .01 level, ** for .05 level, and * for .10 level.