Table 2.

Risk-Adjusted Trauma Outcomes as a Function of Race (Adjusted OR for Black–White Comparison with White Patients as the Reference Group)

	Unadjusted		Overall*		Within Hospitals†
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Mortality
Injury severity
All patients	1.69 (1.39–2.04)	<.001	1.21 (1.08–1.36)	.002	1.05 (0.87–1.26)	.622
ISS <15	1.82 (1.23–2.70)	<.001	1.14 (0.88–1.47)	.325	0.95 (0.69–1.31)	.751
ISS ≥15	1.95 (1.70–2.22)	<.001	1.23 (1.10–1.37)	<.001	1.09 (0.92–1.28)	.340
Death or major complication
Injury severity
All patients	1.46 (1.19–1.78)	<.001	1.28 (1.11–1.47)	<.001	1.01 (0.90–1.13)	.872
ISS <15	1.43 (1.07–1.92)	.017	1.19 (0.96–1.46)	.111	0.92 (0.79–1.07)	.259
ISS ≥15	1.78 (1.52–2.08)	<.001	1.35 (1.21–1.51)	<.001	1.08 (0.97–1.20)	.168
Failure-to-rescue
Injury severity
All patients	0.77 (0.63, 0.95)	.012	1.24 (1.09, 1.40)	.001	1.08 (0.93, 1.25)	.322
ISS <15	0.46 (0.31–0.68)	<.001	1.00 (0.71–1.41)	.990	0.90 (0.59–1.37)	.627
ISS ≥15	0.89 (0.73–1.07)	.209	1.32 (1.16–1.50)	<.001	1.12 (0.92–1.38)	.253

ISS, injury severity score; OR, odds ratio.

^*Indicates patient-level risk adjustment model (age, sex, transfer status, injury severity, mechanism of injury, motor component of Glasgow coma scale, systolic blood pressure, comorbidities, year of admission).

^†Indicates within-hospital risk adjustment model using hospital fixed-effects model (all patient risk factors above plus hospital fixed effects).