Table 3.
Estimated Impacts on Service Use during Year 1 and 2 Following Study Enrollment: Matched Predicted Probability of Participation in Managed Care
| 95% Confidence Limits | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes† | Intervention Group | Control Group | Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper |
| Any use of health care, months 1–12 | |||||
| Had a primary care physician visit (PCP) | 65.91 | 65.10 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.26 |
| Had a nonphysician visit | 16.77 | 13.19 | 1.38 | 1.12 | 1.72** |
| Had a specialist visit | 61.45 | 60.28 | 1.07 | 0.90 | 1.27 |
| Ever admitted to a hospital | 16.73 | 14.99 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 1.45 |
| Readmitted within 30 days | 3.70 | 3.04 | 1.28 | 0.82 | 1.99 |
| Ever used an emergency department (ED) | 42.74 | 40.64 | 1.12 | 0.95 | 1.32 |
| Any use of health care, months 13–24 | |||||
| Had a PCP visit | 62.30 | 60.90 | 1.08 | 0.92 | 1.28 |
| Had a nonphysician visit | 14.30 | 11.84 | 1.28 | 1.02 | 1.60* |
| Had a specialist visit | 56.13 | 54.69 | 1.08 | 0.92 | 1.26 |
| Ever admitted to a hospital | 13.09 | 13.70 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 1.17 |
| Readmitted within 30 days | 2.62 | 2.12 | 1.27 | 0.76 | 2.13 |
| Ever used an ED | 39.99 | 37.57 | 1.13 | 0.96 | 1.32 |
| Negative Binomial Model Predicting Number of Visits | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes‡ | Intervention Group | Control Group | Estimate | SE | p-value |
| Average number of visits for health care services, months 1–12 | |||||
| PCP visits | 4.39 | 4.41 | −0.13 | 0.15 | .40 |
| Nonphysician visits | 0.58 | 0.50 | −1.33 | 0.32 | <0.001*** |
| Specialist visits | 6.91 | 6.10 | −0.09 | 0.18 | .61 |
| Hospital admissions | 0.30 | 0.23 | −0.06 | 0.28 | .83 |
| Inpatient days | 1.82 | 1.50 | −0.18 | 0.12 | .12 |
| Emergency department visits | 1.42 | 1.32 | 0.20 | 0.20 | .32 |
| Average number of visits for health care services, months 13–24 | |||||
| PCP visits | 4.11 | 4.34 | −0.17 | 0.14 | .22 |
| Nonphysician visits | 0.45 | 0.46 | −0.89 | 0.24 | <0.001*** |
| Specialist visits | 5.80 | 5.78 | −0.16 | 0.16 | .31 |
| Hospital admissions | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.43 | .48 |
| Inpatient days | 1.40 | 1.49 | 0.07 | 0.12 | .52 |
| Emergency department visits | 1.25 | 1.12 | 0.002 | 0.33 | .99 |
| Sample size (total = 3,722) | 2,602 | 1,120 | |||
Notes. *significant at p ≤ .05; **significant at p ≤ .01; ***significant at p ≤ .001.
†
Probabilities percentages and odds ratio from logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, county of residence, medical conditions, and prior health care use.
‡
Number of visits for intervention and control group calculated from linear regression and negative binomial estimates from zero-inflated negative binomial models; both models adjusted for age, gender, county of residence, medical conditions, and prior health care use.