Table 3.

Structural Equation Model Estimates for Total, Internalizing, and Externalizing Behavior Problems

	Total Behavior Problems						Internalizing Behavior Problems						Externalizing Behavior Problems
Model	Base	2a	3b		4c		Base	2a	3b		4c		Base	2a	3b		4c
			M	F	M	F			M	F	M	F			M	F	M	F
Behav Prob by 24 month CBCL	.86**	.85**	.91**	.83**	.89**	.83**	.87**	.90**	.99**	.81**	.99**	.84**	.80**	.89**	.83**	.85**	.89**	.93**
Behav Prob by 36 month CBCL	.90**	.90**	.86**	.92**	.87**	.92**	.82**	.80**	.76**	.86**	.75**	.82**	.92**	.83**	.85**	.90**	.80**	.83**
Behav Prob on
Infant Prematurity	.10	.14	.06	.14	.12	.15	.10	.13	.01	.17	.05	.18	.13	.161	.19	.09	.251	.09
Gender	.08	.03					.181	.14					.02	−.03
Family SES		−.39**			−.34*	−.42**		−.32**			−.26*	−.36*		−.36**			−.36**	−.37**
Pos. Emotion on
Infant Prematurity	.07	.06	.05	.09	.04	.09	.07	.06	.05	.09	.04	.09	.07	.06	.05	.09	.04	.09
Gender	−.13	−.13					−.13	−.13					−.13	−.13
Family SES		.06			.03	.11		.06			.03	.11		.06			.03	.11
EC Groups on
Infant Prematurity	.20a	.17	.291	.12	.28	.09	.201	.17	.291	.12	.28	.09	.201	.17	.291	.12	.28	.09
Gender	.14	.15					.14	.15					.14	.15
Family SES		.26*			−.09	.44**		.26*			.09	.44**		.26*			.09	.44**
EC Groups with Behav Prob	−.22*	−.13	−.19	−.24	−.15	−.08	−.17	−.09	−.10	−.19	−.07	−.06	−.17	−.08	−.17	−.19	−.12	−.03
Pos. Emotion with Behav Prob	.04	.07	.09	−.03	.10	.03	.02	.00	−.02	−.01	−.02	.04	.09	.13	.14	.05	.16	.11
Pos. Emotion with EC Groups	−.10	−.12	−.32*	.16	−.32*	.14	−.10	−.12	−.32*	−.16	−.32*	.14	−.10	−.12	−.32*	.16	−.32*	.14

Note.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

¹p < .07,

^athe base model with family socioeconomic assets (SES) added,

^bthe base model estimated across gender,

^cthe gender model with family SES added,

M = male, F = female, Behav Prob = behavioral problems latent construct, CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist, Pos. Emotion = positive emotion expression composite, EC Groups = low, average, and high effortful control groups