Table 4.
ANCOVA Results for Observed and Parent-Reported Differences in Parenting Behaviors
| Parent Behavior | Mothers
|
Fathers
|
F statistic
|
ηp2
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Overcontrola | .94 | 1.09 | 1.52 | 1.44 | 6.66* | .12 |
| Granting of Autonomya | 1.27 | .80 | 1.24 | .89 | .04 | .00 |
| Hostility/Negative Affecta | .33 | .65 | .14 | .36 | .38 | .01 |
| Warmth/Positive Affecta | 1.0 | .75 | .95 | .92 | .27 | .01 |
| Anxious Behaviora | 1.33 | 1.14 | 1.48 | 1.25 | .44 | .01 |
| Positive Reinforcementb (CDQ) | 36.71 | 9.48 | 36.38 | 10.11 | .06 | .00 |
| Punishmentb (CDQ) | 24.56 | 5.35 | 20.76 | 3.83 | 4.34* | .09 |
| Use of Forceb (CDQ) | 25.84 | 8.22 | 21.95 | 5.27 | 3.10 | .06 |
| Reinforcement of Dependenceb (CDQ) | 28.88 | 4.93 | 24.95 | 5.49 | 6.97* | .13 |
| Modelingb (CDQ) | 53.47 | 6.13 | 52.0 | 4.99 | 2.71 | .06 |
Note.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01.
a
Covariates for observed behaviors = parent age, child age, child gender, child-report of child anxiety, and observed child hostile behavior.
b
Covariates for parent-reported behaviors = parent age, child age, child gender, and child-report of child anxiety.
CDQ= Child Development Questionnaire.