Table 1.

List of studies showing differences in bone and mineral parameters by race.

Name of Study	Objective	Imaging technique	Results of Study	Comments
Pollock et al., 2011⁷³	Compare trabecular and cortical bone parameters at the radius and tibia between adolescent white and black females	Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (QCT)	Adolescent black females have a stronger bone profile at the tibia compared to their white counterparts.	Bone parameters were similar at the radius
Leonard et al., 2010⁷⁴	Effects of sex, puberty, and race on cortical bone development	QCT	Cortical bone parameters were greater in blacks than whites in Tanner stage 1–4
Barbour et al., 2011⁴⁸	Association of Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D with bone parameters in Caucasian and African men	QCT	Positive linear trend noted between increasing 25 hydroxyvitamin D and bone parameters in Caucasian but not in men of African ancestry	In men of African ancestry there was threshold effect for serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D at approximately 18 ng/ml on cortical thickness in distal tibia.
Gutierrez et al., 2011⁸	Racial differences in bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D	Dual energy X- ray Absorptiometry (Dxa)	Bone mineral density decreased with decline in 25 hydroxyvitamin D in Caucasians and Mexican Americans but not in African Americans	Data from study suggests that PTH secretion is suppressed at a lower vitamin D level in African Americans than in Caucasians.
Hannan et al., 2008⁷⁵	Relation between Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density by race and ethnic group amongst men	DXA	Positive correlation noted between 25 hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density in white men but not in black or Hispanic men
Cauley et al., 2011⁴⁹	Studying association of 25 hydroxyvitamin D to risk of fracture in multiethnic women	Not applicable	Low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with higher risk of fracture in white women but not in black women	Study implicated that the ideal level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D for skeletal health may be different for white and black women.
Wetzsteon et al, 2009⁷⁶	Ethnic differences in bone parameters in childhood	QCT	African American and Hispanic children have greater bone strength than white children	Study suggested that ethnic differences in bone strength emerge in childhood
Peacock et al., 2009⁷⁷	Racial and sexual differences of bone parameters at the femur	CT, DXA	American blacks have higher bone density than American whites at the femur
Chen et al, 2011⁷⁸	Relationship between African admixture and hip geometry amongst post-menopausal women	DXA	Greater African admixture is correlated with better bone density and hip structure in black than white post-menopausal women