Table 1. Characteristics and Levels of Biomarkers in the Peripheral and Left Atrial Blood in the Study Population According to the Type of Atrial Fibrillation.
| Study Population | PAF Group | PeAF Group | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=49) | (n=25) | (n=24) | (PAF vs. PeAF) | |
| Age, years | 59.3±8,5 | 60.0±9.0 | 58.5±8.1 | 0.55 |
| Female gender, % | 16.3% | 20.0% | 12.5% | 0.70 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6±4.2 | 26.4±3.4 | 28.8±4.6 | 0.05 |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2, % | 20.4% | 16.0% | 25.0% | 0.50 |
| Current smoker, % | 8.2% | 8.0% | 8.3% | 1.00 |
| Hypertension, % | 44.9% | 40.0% | 50.0% | 0.48 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129.6±17.7 | 129.4±14.5 | 129.8±20.9 | 0.94 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 10.2% | 12.0% | 8.3% | 0.67 |
| Coronary artery disease, % | 10.2% | 12.0% | 8.3% | 1.00 |
| History of cardiac failure, % | 6.1% | 4.0% | 8.3% | 0.53 |
| History of stroke, % | 8.2% | 16.0% | 0.0% | 0.11 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or sleep apnea syndrome, % | 14.3% | 12.0% | 16.7% | 0.70 |
| CHADS2 score | 0.78±0.92 | 0.88±1.17 | 0.67±0.57 | 0.42 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.4±1.3 | 1.56±1.53 | 1.25±1.11 | 0.42 |
| LA volume - CT measurement, ml | 97.0±30.2 | 77.8±18.5 | 116.9±27.0 | <0,001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Peripheral CRP, μg/mL | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.04 |
| (0.8-3.7) | (0.5-3.7) | (1.2-4.4) | ||
| Peripheral IL-8, pg/mL | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 0.17 |
| (4.3-9.0) | (2.0-8.5) | (5.0-10.0) | ||
| LA IL-8, pg/mL | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.27 |
| (4.0-8.0) | (2.0-8.5) | (5.0-8.0) | ||
| Peripheral sICAM-1, ng/mL | 167.5 | 160.0 | 174.0 | 0.68 |
| (141.3-209.8) | (137.5-207.5) | (141.0-213.0) | ||
| LA sICAM-1, ng/mL | 164.0 | 155.0 | 167.0 | 0.66 |
| (133.5-207.0) | (132.0-203.5) | (142.0-207.0) | ||
| Peripheral VWF, ng/mL | 121.0 | 107.0 | 129.5 | 0.42 |
| (74.0-178.5) | (64.5-190.0) | (102.3-172.0) | ||
| LA VWF, ng/mL | 125.0 | 118.0 | 131.0 | 0.31 |
| (91.25-184.25) | (83.5-192.5) | (98.0-176.0) | ||
| Peripheral VEGF, pg/mL | 15.5 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 0.49 |
| (10.3-30.0) | (13.5-30.5) | (10.0-29.0) | ||
| LA VEGF, pg/mL | 11.0 | 14.0 | 11.0 | 0.35 |
| (7.0-16.8) | (8.5-20.5) | (4.0-15.0) | ||
| Peripheral TGF-β1, ng/mL | 11 981 | 11661 | 13809 | 0.94 |
| (8 939- 28 283) | (9 207-20 992) | (7 949-31 933) | ||
| LA TGF- β1, ng/mL | 11 572 | 11529 | 11614 | 0.97 |
| (7 949-18 980) | (7 410-21 354) | (8050-19 013) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-8, interleukin-8; LA, left atrial; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PeAF, persistent AF; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; vWF, von Willebrand Factor.
Values shown are mean±SD, median (25th percentile-75th percentile), or n, %
Blood levels of biomarkers were compared using an unpaired t-test after log-transformation of the variables.