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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2013 Aug 1;133(12):2968–2979. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28314

Table 1.

Birth characteristics of participants in the 12 studies in the CLIC pooled analysis of fetal growth

CLIC Study (citation for birth weight centile) Birth Weight (grams) Term pregnanciesa Birth weight for gestational age LGA cut-off at 40 weeks gestation (grams) Additional Covariatesb
cases controls cases controls Cases controls males females
mean SD mean SD n % n % % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Australia 29 3,493 518 3,456 526 329 (93.7) 767 (94.0) SGA 5.7 (3.3, 8.1) 10.3 (8.2, 12.4) 4,170 4,000 Ethnicity, birth order, mother’s age, parental education, SESc
LGA 16.0 (12.2, 19.8) 13.1 (10.8, 15.4)
UK 30 3,416 534 3,366 530 1,221 (93.3) 2,496 (93.7) SGA 6.9 (5.5, 8.3) 7.4 (6.4, 8.4) 4,070 3,900 Birth order, ethnicity, parental education
LGA 14.4 (12.2, 19.8) 11.3 (10.1, 12.5)
USA (NCCLS) 11 3,486 562 3,459 526 577 (92.9) 835 (94.1) SGA 10.0 (7.6, 12.4) 9.6 (7.7, 11.5) 4,166 4,024 Mother’s age, parental education, household income, birth order
LGA 15.3 (12.5, 18.1) 11.8 (9.7, 13.9)
Germany 31 3,453 529 3,435 515 651 (94.5) 2,179 (96.4) SGA 11.2 (8.8, 13.6) 11.5 (10.2, 12.8) 4,170 4,000 Birth order, parental education
LGA 10.2 (7.9, 12.5) 8.0 (6.9, 9.1)
USA (COG) 3 3,473 531 3,446 532 1,548 (95.0) 1,620 (94.8) SGA 7.9 (6.6, 9.2) 9.4 (8.0, 10.8) 4,115 3,960 Mother’s age, parental education, income
LGA 13.0 (11.4, 14.6) 11.2 (9.7, 12.7)
France (ESCALE) 32 3,350 481 3,315 504 560 (94.1) 1,478 (93.7) SGA 10.3 (7.9, 12.7) 10.1 (8.6, 11.6) 3,964 3,796 Year of birth, birth order, mother’s age, parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy
LGA 13.9 (11.1, 16.7) 13.2 (11.5, 14.9)
France (Electre) 12 3,354 502 3,347 495 292 (89.3) 449 (93.2) SGA 5.5 (3.0, 8.0) 6.0 (3.9, 8.1) 4,035 3,864 Birth order, mother’s age, parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy
LGA 17.1 (13.0, 21.2) 13.9 (10.8, 17.0)
France (Adele) 12 3,382 464 3,344 541 186 (92.1) 210 (90.9) SGA 2.5 (0.3, 4.7) 6.5 (3.3, 9.7) 4,035 3,864 Birth year, ethnicity, parental education
LGA 18.8 (13.4, 24.2) 19.9 (14.8, 25.0)
Canada 33 3,358 509 3,345 328 660 (94.3) 684 (95.4) SGA 13.0 (10.5, 15.5) 16.7 (14.0, 19.4) 4,200 4,000 Birth order, maternal age, parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy
LGA 7.4 (5.5, 9.3) 7.8 (5.8, 9.8)
New Zealand 29 3450 515 3467 527 85 (94.4) 264 (96.7) SGA 12.2 (5.4, 19.0) 11.7 (7.9, 15.5) 4,170 4,000 Ethnicity, parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy
LGA 12.2 (5.4, 19.0) 9.2 (5.8, 12.6)
Greece 34 3310 481 3256 518 374 (93.7) 272 (91.9) SGA 8.5 (5.8, 11.2) 10.5 (7.0, 14.0) 3,990 3,827 Nationality, birth year, parental education, birth order, maternal age
LGA 14.5 (11.0, 18.0) 14.9 (10.8, 19.0)
Brazil 35 3276 561 3069 609 352 (92.6) 435 (88.2) SGA 9.5 (6.6, 12.4) 11.6 (8.8, 14.4) 4,025 4,025 Birth year, ethnicity, maternal age, parental education.
LGA 18.2 (14.3, 22.1) 13.2 (10.2, 16.2)
Pooled Group 3415 527 3381 532 6835 (93.7) 11689 (94.2) SGA 8.7 (8.1, 9.3) 9.9 (9.4, 10.4)
LGA 13.5 (12.7, 14.3) 11.3 (10.7, 11.9)
a

Term children defined as more than or equal to 37 weeks gestation

b

These are variables that were considered potential confounders for each study individually (in addition to the frequency-matching variables mentioned in Supplementary Table 1), as used in individual study meta-analysis.

c

An area-based index of socioeconomic advantage/disadvantage.