Table 5.
Analyzed population: early versus late insulin initiation
| Early insulin initiation (5 years or less) n = 143
|
Late insulin initiation (6 years or more) n = 124
|
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Age (mean, SD) | 56.37 | 11.09 | 62.6 | 8.81 | <0.0001 |
| Age at diagnosis | 45.74 | 13.52 | 43.29 | 9.73 | 0.0875 |
| Age at insulin initiation | 47.42 | 13.95 | 56.86 | 9.41 | <0.0001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 79 | 55.24% | 85 | 68.55% | 0.025 |
| Female | 64 | 44.76% | 39 | 31.45% | 0.025 |
| Currently employed | 44 | 30.77% | 30 | 24.19% | 0.2295 |
| Household income | |||||
| <20,000€ | 55 | 38.46% | 33 | 26.61% | 0.0384 |
| 20,000€ to <50,000€ | 62 | 43.36% | 73 | 58.87% | 0.0112 |
| 50,000€ or more | 11 | 7.69% | 11 | 8.87% | 0.7288 |
| Decline to answer | 15 | 10.49% | 7 | 5.65% | 0.1435 |
| College education | 37 | 25.87% | 28 | 22.58% | 0.5314 |
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | N/A |
| Normal weight | 22 | 15.38% | 15 | 12.10% | 0.4358 |
| Overweight | 41 | 28.67% | 45 | 36.29% | 0.1864 |
| Obese | 74 | 51.75% | 61 | 49.19% | 0.6779 |
| Decline to answer | 6 | 4.20% | 3 | 2.42% | 0.4149 |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Currently drink | 96 | 67.13% | 92 | 74.19% | 0.2058 |
| Currently smoke | 33 | 23.08% | 13 | 10.48% | 0.0053 |
| Regularly exercise | 72 | 50.35% | 67 | 54.03% | 0.5489 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (mean, SD) | 0.59 | 1.33 | 0.62 | 1.33 | 0.8712 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Depression | 22 | 15.38% | 13 | 10.48% | 0.232 |
| Myocardial infarction | 13 | 9.09% | 10 | 8.06% | 0.7654 |
| Stroke | 6 | 4.20% | 6 | 4.84% | 0.8018 |
| TIA | 1 | 0.70% | 3 | 2.42% | 0.2677 |
| Congestive heart failure | 4 | 2.80% | 4 | 3.23% | 0.8389 |
| Hypertension | 64 | 44.76% | 46 | 37.10% | 0.2045 |
| Angina | 18 | 12.59% | 9 | 7.26% | 0.1432 |
| Arrhythmia | 4 | 2.80% | 9 | 7.26% | 0.1013 |
| Prescribing physician | |||||
| PCP | 27 | 18.88% | 26 | 20.97% | 0.6716 |
| Endocrinologist/diabetologist | 113 | 79.02% | 94 | 75.81% | 0.5327 |
| Nurse practitioner/physician assistant | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | N/A |
| Other | 3 | 2.10% | 4 | 3.23% | 0.5718 |
| Agree/strongly agree to being afraid of needles | 14 | 9.79% | 10 | 8.06% | 0.6217 |
| Microvascular complications | |||||
| Macular edema | 21 | 14.69% | 22 | 17.74% | 0.5013 |
| Neuropathic pain | 31 | 21.68% | 22 | 17.74% | 0.4198 |
| Kidney damage | 16 | 11.19% | 12 | 9.68% | 0.6871 |
| End organ damage (2010, 2011 only) | 7 | 7.29% | 7 | 8.05% | 0.8489 |
| Foot ulcer | 9 | 6.29% | 5 | 4.03% | 0.4025 |
| At least one microvascular complication | 58 | 40.56% | 46 | 37.10% | 0.5633 |
| At least one complication (TIA, stroke,HA, or microvascular complication) | 66 | 46.15% | 53 | 42.74% | 0.5766 |
| HbA1c(%) | |||||
| HbA1c >7 | 37 | 25.87% | 52 | 41.94% | 0.0057 |
| HbA1c (missing) | 59 | 41.26% | 35 | 28.23% | 0.025 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | |||||
| Fasting glucose >130 | 25 | 17.48% | 17 | 13.71% | 0.3961 |
| Fasting glucose (missing) | 83 | 58.04% | 67 | 54.03% | 0.5115 |
| Satisfaction with treatment | |||||
| Very/extremely satisfied with treatment | 80 | 56.74% | 66 | 53.23% | 0.5675 |
| Very/extremely dissatisfied with treatment | 20 | 14.18% | 20 | 16.13% | 0.661 |
| Morisky adherence | |||||
| Compliant (MMAS = 0) | 82 | 85.42% | 69 | 79.31% | 0.2819 |
| Forget to take medication | 11 | 11.46% | 14 | 16.09% | 0.3668 |
| Careless about medication | 8 | 8.33% | 4 | 4.60% | 0.3029 |
| Stop when feeling better | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 1.15% | N/A |
| Stop when feeling worse | 3 | 3.13% | 2 | 2.30% | 0.7312 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MMAS, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; SD, standard deviation; HA, heart attack; TIA, transient ischemic attack; PCP, primary care physician.