FIG. 4.

Cytokines and adhesion molecules in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy and control subjects. (A) TNFα, (B) VCAM-1, (C) ICAM-1, and (D) E-selectin. Data are expressed as mean±SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 with respect to control group; ^ap<0.05, ^cp<0.001 when comparing non-nephropathic versus nephropathic patients using one way ANOVA with post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test. ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.