Figure 1.

Schematic of ND cluster synthesis and cell culture experiments. Recombinant human BMP-2, recombinant human FGF-basic, and bovine serum albumin were loaded into ND clusters by incubation at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline. The resulting clusters were then washed and added to C2C12 myoblasts in cell culture, where they induced differentiation into osteoblasts and/or proliferation, depending on the protein combination.