Figure 1.

Traditional and recent applications of bacteriophages.

Notes: Bacteriophages, conventionally used in phage display technology for the selection of peptides or antibody fragments, have emerged in the development of a variety of biomedical applications such as the fabrication of nanowire-based secondary battery cells, gene therapy constructs, sensors, and drug delivery vehicles.¹⁴,³²,⁶⁶–⁶⁹ The nano construct is adapted from Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mao C, Flynn CE, Hayhurst A, et al. Viral assembly of oriented quantum dot nanowires. 100(12):6946–6951, Copyright (2003) with permission from PMC.⁶⁸ Sensor is adapted from Anal Chem. Yang LC, Tam PY, Murray BJ, et al. Virus electrodes for universal biodetection. 78:3265–3270, Copyright (2006) with permission from the American Chemical Society.⁶⁹ Drug delivery is adapted from Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Yacoby I, Bar H, Benhar I. Targeted drug-carrying bacteriophages as antibacterial nanomedicines. 51(6):2156–2163, Copyright (2007) with permission from BioMed Central.¹⁴

Abbreviations: Fv, variable fragment; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; PMC, PubMed Central.