Figure 5.

Examples of icosahedral bacteriophage-based biomedical applications.

Notes: (A) The tail fibers of T4 bacteriophages are genetically removed to generate nanoparticles composed of T4 capsids, which are subsequently conjugated with fluorescent molecules for use as a nanoprobe. Reprinted from Bioconjugate chemistry. Robertson KL, Soto CM, Archer MJ, Odoemene O, Liu JL. Engineered T4 viral nanoparticles for cellular imaging and flow cytometry. 22(4):595–604, Copyright (2011) with permission from American Chemical Society.⁴⁸ (B) The head of a T4 bacteriophage is conjugated to a gold surface via DTSP–amine, leaving the tail available for the detection of bacteria. Reprinted from Analyst. Arya SK, Singh A, Naidoo R, Wu P, McDermott MT, Evoy S. Chemically immobilized T4-bacteriophage for specific Escherichia coli detection using surface plasmon resonance. 136(3):486–492, Copyright (2011) with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.⁶² (C) T4 bacteriophages, which have been conjugated with a targeting moiety on its head, are dispersed onto an aminosilanized substrate for the detection of bacteria. Reprinted from Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Archer MJ, Liu JL. Bacteriophage t4 nanoparticles as materials in sensor applications: variables that influence their organization and assembly on surfaces. 9(8):6298–6311, Copyright (2009) with permission from MDPI.⁶⁵ (D) T7 bacteriophages, which have been conjugated with quantum dots on its head, are used for the detection of bacteria. Reprinted from Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Edgar R, McKinstry M, Hwang J, et al. High-sensitivity bacterial detection using biotin-tagged phage and quantum-dot nanocomplexes. 103(13):4841–4845, Copyright (2006) with permission from PMC.³,⁶⁴

Abbreviations: DTSP, Dithiobis N-succinimidyl propionate; BSA, bovine serum albumin; PFU, plaque-forming unit; MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; PMC, PubMed Central.