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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 31.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Immunol. 2013 Jun 21;25(3):10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.003. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.003

Figure 1. Overview of the problems and methodologies of systems vaccinology.

Figure 1

An immune response involves many players at the levels of organs, tissues, cells, macromolecules to metabolites. The cells are at the scale of 10−5 meter and metabolites 10−10. High-throughput technologies are employed to collect molecular data, which are used in combination with conventional immunological assays for predicting vaccine immunogenicity and for unraveling mechanisms of vaccination.