Table 1.

Summary of Candidate Gene Association Studies for Addiction

Study	Gene	Condition	Positive Association?
Cigler et al 2001	HTR1B	cocaine/alcohol dependence	No
Kranzler et al 2002	HTR1B	drug dependence	No
Vandenbergh et al 1997	COMT	drug dependence	Yes
Sander et al 1997 ⁽¹⁾	DAT	alcohol dependence	No
Guindalini et al 2006	DAT	cocaine dependence	Yes
Hong et al 2003	DAT	methamphetamine dependence	No
Liu et al 2004	DAT	methamphetamine dependence	No
Blum et al 1993	DRD2	alcohol dependence	Yes
Noble et al 1998	DRD2	alcohol dependence	Yes
Blomqvist et al 2000	DRD2	alcohol/drug dependence	No
Comings et al 1994 ⁽¹⁾	DRD2	alcohol/drug dependence	Yes
Gelernter and Kranzler 1999	DRD2	alcoholism	No
Comings et al 1999 ⁽⁶⁾	DRD2	cocaine dependence	Yes
Gelernter, Kranzler and Satel 1999	DRD2	cocaine dependence	No
Noble et al 1993	DRD2	cocaine dependence	Yes
Berrettini and Persico 1996	DRD2	drug dependence	No
Persico et al 1996	DRD2	drug dependence	Yes/No
Sery et al 2001	DRD2	methamphetamine dependence	No
Tsai et al 2002	DRD2	methamphetamine dependence	No
Lawford et al 2000	DRD2	opiate dependence	Yes
Comings et al 1999 ⁽⁶⁾	DRD3	cocaine dependence	Yes
Krebs et al 1998 ⁽²⁾	DRD3	substance abuse	Yes
Vandenbergh et al 2000	DRD4	drug dependence	Yes
Tsai et al 2002	DRD4	methamphetamine dependence	No
Kotler et al 1997	DRD4	opiate dependence	Yes
Agrawal et al 2006	GABRA2	drug dependence	Yes
Noble et al 1998	GABRB3	alcohol dependence	Yes
Zhang et al 2008	OPRD1	alcohol/drug dependence	Yes
Franke et al 1999	OPRD1	opiate dependence	No
Mayer et al 1997	OPRD1	opiate dependence	Yes
Xu et al 2002	OPRD1	opiate dependence	No
Xuei et al 2006	OPRK1	alcohol dependence	Yes
Zhang et al 2008	OPRK1	alcohol/drug dependence	Yes
Yuferov et al 2004	OPRK1	heroin dependence	No
Bergen et al 1997	OPRM1	alcohol dependence	No
Gelernter, Kranzler and Cubbells 1999	OPRM1	alcohol/drug dependence	No
Kranzler et al 1998	OPRM1	alcohol/drug dependence	Yes
Berrettini et al 1997	OPRM1	cocaine/opiate dependence	No
Hoehe et al 2000	OPRM1	drug dependence	Yes
Luo et al 2003 ⁽⁴⁾	OPRM1	drug dependence	Yes/No
Ide et al 2003 ⁽¹⁾	OPRM1	methamphetamine dependence	No
Bart et al 2004	OPRM1	opiate dependence	Yes
Bond et al 1998	OPRM1	opiate dependence	Yes
Crowley et al 2003	OPRM1	opiate dependence	No
Franke et al 2001	OPRM1	opiate dependence	No
Li et al 2000	OPRM1	opiate dependence	No
Shi et al 2002	OPRM1	opiate dependence	No
Szeto et al 2001	OPRM1	opiate dependence	Yes
Tan et al 2003	OPRM1	opiate dependence	Yes/No
Xuei et al 2006 ⁽³⁾	PDYN	alcohol dependence	Yes
Chen et al 2002	PDYN	cocaine dependence	Yes
Dahl et al 2005	PDYN	cocaine dependence	Yes
Zimprich et al 2000	PDYN	opiate dependence	No
Comings et al 1999	PENK	opiate dependence	Yes
Kranzler et al 2002	SERT	alcohol dependence	No
Sander et al 1997 ⁽¹⁾	SERT	alcohol dependence	No
Patkar et al 2001	SERT	cocaine dependence	No
Hong et al 2003	SERT	methamphetamine dependence	No
Dahl et al 2006	TPH2	cocaine dependence	No

Summary of candidate gene studies for different drug dependence samples. The last column denotes whether a positive association was identified. Yes/No denotes a qualified positive finding, pertaining to positive finding in part of the sample but not others.

Abbreviations: HTR1B, serotonin receptor 1B; COMT, catechol-O-methyl transferase; DAT, dopamine transporter; DRD2, dopamine receptor D2; DRD3, dopamine receptor D3; DRD4, dopamine receptor D4; GABRA2, GABA receptor α2; GABRB3, GABA receptor β3; OPRD1, δ opioid receptor; OPRK1, κ opioid receptor; OPRM1, μ opioid receptor; PDYN, preprodynorphin; PENK, preproenkephalin; SERT, serotonin transporter; TPH2, tryptophan hydroxylase 2

⁽¹⁾

Association primarily with specific addiction related phenotypes

⁽²⁾

Schizophrenic substance abusers

⁽³⁾

Significant association only in 1 of 3 Asian ethnic groups

⁽⁴⁾

Significant in European Americans, but not African Americans

⁽⁵⁾

Association with psychostimulant preference

⁽⁶⁾

Association with cocaine dependence but not dependence on other drugs