Table A5.
Characteristic muscle parameters of an upper limb model taken from Garner and Pandy (2001).
| LM0 [cm] | LTs [cm] | FM0 [N] | α [rad] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anterior deltoid (DeltA) | 14.68 | 9.3 (1.64) | 277.48 | 0 |
| Posterior deltoid (DeltP) | 17.02 | 5.93 | 567.15 | 0 |
| Latissimus dorsi-thoracic (LatDors) | 34.87 | 14.75 | 173.43 | 0 |
| Pectoralis major-clav (PectClav) | 22.65 | 0.45 | 342.46 | 0 |
| Triceps brachii-long (TrLong) | 15.24 | 25.05 (19.05) | 629.21 | 0.26 |
| Triceps brachii-lateral (TrLat) | 6.17 | 19.64 | 1268.87 | 0.26 |
| Triceps brachii-medial (TrMed) | 4.9 | 18.19 (12.19) | 619.67 | 0.26 |
| Biceps-long (BicLong) | 15.36 | 32.93 (22.93) | 392.91 | 0.17 |
| Biceps-short (BicShort) | 13.07 | 26.98 (22.98) | 461.76 | 0.17 |
| Brachialis (BRA) | 10.28 | 9.75 (1.75) | 853 | 0.17 |
| Brachioradialis (BrRad) | 27.03 | 6.04 | 101.58 | 0.08 |
The tendon slack length is denoted by LTs, the maximum isometric force by FM0, the optimal fiber length by LM0, and the muscle pennation angle by α. To increase the reachable space, we adapted the tendon slack length LTs of a small number of muscles (bold numbers vs. the original values in brackets).