Table 2.
GADD45 gene expression deregulation and promoter methylation in human cancer cells.
| Cancer cell type | Alterations in GADD45 gene |
|---|---|
| Carcinoma and lymphoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 75% [131] |
| Cervical carcinoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 50% [131] |
| Colon carcinomas clinical samples | Up-regulation of GADD45α gene in colon carcinoma clinical samples compared to normal tissue [10] |
| Esophageal carcinoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 29% [131] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma clinical samples | Down-regulation of GADD45γ in 65% of the patients analyzed compared to their adjacent normal tissue [119] |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 50% [131] |
| Lung carcinoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 40% [131] |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 73% [131] |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines | GADD45γ promoter hypermethylation frequency of 85% [131] |
| Non-small cell lung carcinoma clinical samples | GADD45α expression is 10 times lower compared to normal lung tissue [121] |
| Methylation frequencies of 1.4% in GADD45α, 7.2% in GADD45β, and 31.6% in GADD45γ [124] | |
| Pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | GADD45α is overexpressed compared to normal pancreatic cell lines or tissues [117, 135, 136] |
| Pituitary tumor clinical samples | GADD45γ is down regulated compared to normal pituitary tissue [122] |