TABLE 4.

Studies that evaluated breakfast and energy intake

First author, year of publication (reference)	Study length	Treatment description	Relevant results	Notes
Astbury, 2011 (30)	1-d crossover	Breakfast or no breakfast; plus liquid preload before lunch	No significant differences in total energy intake (breakfast, preload, and ad libitum lunch)	Significant increased ad libitum test meal intake in no-breakfast group
Geliebter, 1999 (31)	1-d crossover	350 kcal oatmeal, sugared cornflakes, or water control	Liquid test meal intake was lower in the oatmeal but not cornflake conditions compared with water control	Overweight M and F subjects
Geliebter, 1999 (32)	1-d crossover	350 kcal oatmeal, sugared cornflakes, or water control	Liquid test meal intake was lower in the oatmeal but not cornflake conditions compared with water control	Lean and overweight M and F subjects; overweight subjects ingested even less after consumption of oatmeal
Kral, 2011 (33)	1-d crossover	Breakfast or no breakfast	Significantly higher energy intake in breakfast group	Similar intakes at lunch and rest of day
Leidy, 2011 (34)	1-d crossover	No breakfast, normal breakfast, or high-protein breakfast	No significant differences in total energy intake	Protein-rich breakfast lowered lunch intake compared with that with normal and no breakfast
1) Levitsky, 2013 (35)	1-d crossover	High carbohydrate, high fiber, or no breakfast; 1.4-MJ breakfasts	Significantly higher energy intake in breakfast groups (breakfast plus lunch)	Similar intakes at lunch
2) Levitsky, 2013 (35)	1-d crossover	Ad libitum or no breakfast	Significantly higher daily intake in breakfast group	Significant increase in lunch intake for no-breakfast group
Taylor, 2001(36)	2-d crossover	6 meals/d compared with 4 or 2 meals/d	No significant differences in total energy expenditure or intake	Wide range of BMI above overweight; F only