TABLE 3.
Associations between subcomponents of the modified American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Score (11) and bone mineral density (g/cm2)
| β (99.6% CI)2 |
||||
| Subcomponent1 | Femoral neck(n = 896) | Trochanter(n = 896) | Total hip(n = 887) | Lumbar spine (L2-L4)(n = 895) |
| Physical activity | 0.0002 (−0.006, 0.007) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.008) | 0.001 (−0.006, 0.008) | −0.001 (−0.009, 0.008) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.0001 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.006) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.009) |
| Fruit and vegetable variety | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.007) | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.007) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.005) |
| Whole grain intake | 0.004 (−0.002, 0.010) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.009) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.010) | 0.007 (−0.001, 0.016) |
| Fish intake | −0.0001 (−0.004, 0.004) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.006) | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.007) | −0.0001 (−0.006, 0.005) |
| Saturated fat | 0.002 (−0.015, 0.018) | −0.003 (−0.019, 0.013) | −0.003 (−0.021, 0.015) | 0.006 (−0.017, 0.028) |
| trans Fat | 0.005 (−0.008, 0.019) | 0.003 (−0.010, 0.016) | 0.001 (−0.013, 0.016) | 0.007 (−0.011, 0.026) |
| Cholesterol | 0.001 (−0.011, 0.012) | 0.006 (−0.006, 0.017) | 0.004 (−0.009, 0.017) | 0.006 (−0.010, 0.021) |
| Percentage fat | −0.004 (−0.012, 0.004) | −0.005 (−0.012, 0.003) | −0.005 (−0.014, 0.003) | 0.0001 (−0.011, 0.011) |
| Sodium intake | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.008) | 0.002 (−0.005, 0.008) | −0.001 (−0.009, 0.007) |
| Added sugar intake | 0.002 (−0.005, 0.008) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.009) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.011) | 0.007 (−0.002, 0.016) |
| Alcohol intake | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.006) | 0.001 (−0.007, 0.005) |
Adjusted for age (y), sex, BMI (kg/m2), height (m), current smoking (yes or no), educational status (<9th grade, 9th–12th grade, or college/some graduate school), season of bone mineral density measurement (winter, spring, summer, or fall), plasma vitamin D status (ng/mL), intakes of total energy (kcal/d) and calcium (mg/d), osteoporosis medication use (yes or no), multivitamin use (yes or no), acculturation (%), perceived stress score, and total modified American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Score minus the component being studied.
β Coefficients (99.6% CIs) were calculated by using ANCOVA (PROC GLM; SAS Institute).