Table 4. Dietary and lifestyle factors according to metabolic health status among the non-obese Mitchelstown cohort participants.
| Aguilar-Salinas | Karelis | Meigs (A)1 | Meigs (B)2 | Wildman | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHNO | MUNO | MHNO | MUNO | MHNO | MUNO | MHNO | MUNO | MHNO | MUNO | |||
| n = 168 | n = 1126 | n = 340 | n = 1032 | n = 928 | n = 444 | n = 1036 | n = 289 | n = 800 | n = 572 | |||
| Dietary composition and quality | ||||||||||||
| Kilocalories | 2220±73 * | 2000±24 | 2092±44 | 2000±26 | 2015±28 | 2035±38 | 2042±26 | 1974±46 | 2030±31 | 2010±33 | ||
| Fat (% EI) | 32.6±0.6 ** | 33.8±0.2 | 34.0±0.4 | 33.4±0.2 | 33.5±0.2 | 33.6±0.2 | 33.7±0.2 | 33.2±0.4 | 33.7±0.3 | 33.4±0.3 | ||
| Carbohydrate (% EI) | 51.5±0.7 * | 48.7±0.3 | 49.0±0.5 | 49.2±0.3 | 49.3±0.3 | 48.8±0.4 | 49.0±0.3 | 49.7±0.5 | 49.2±0.3 | 49.1±0.4 | ||
| Protein (% EI) | 17.9±0.3 ** | 18.6±0.1 | 18.6±0.2 | 18.5±0.1 | 18.6±0.1 | 18.5±0.1 | 18.6±0.1 | 18.2±0.2 | 18.5±0.2 | 18.6±0.4 | ||
| Fibre (% EI) | 2.74±0.6 | 2.59±0.02 | 2.57±0.4 | 2.62±0.02 | 2.62±0.02 | 2.58±0.04 | 2.60±0.02 | 2.65±0.05 | 2.61±0.03 | 2.61±0.03 | ||
| Sugar (% EI) | 22.2±0.7 * | 20.5±0.2 | 20.6±0.4 | 20.9±0.3 | 20.9±0.3 | 20.4±0.4 | 20.7±0.2 | 21.2±0.4 | 20.9±0.3 | 20.7±0.3 | ||
| Dietary quality3 | 28.9±0.6 | 29.1±0.2 | 29.8±0.4 ** | 28.8±0.2 | 29.1±0.2 | 29.1±0.3 | 29.2±0.2 ** | 28.2±0.4 | 29.2±0.2 | 28.8±0.3 | ||
| Daily food pyramid shelf servings | ||||||||||||
| Bread, cereal, potatoes, grain and rice | 5.3±0.3 | 5.3±0.1 | 5.3±0.2 | 5.3±0.1 | 5.4±0.1 | 5.1±0.1 | 5.3±0.1 | 5.2±0.2 | 5.4±0.1 | 5.2±0.1 | ||
| Fruit and vegetable | 7.5±0.6 | 7.2±0.1 | 7.5±0.3 | 7.1±0.2 | 7.4±0.2 | 6.9±0.2 | 7.4±0.2 * | 6.5±0.3 | 7.6±0.2 * | 6.7±0.2 | ||
| Dairy | 1.9±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 * | 1.8±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 * | 1.7±0.1 | 2.1±0.1 * | 1.8±0.1 | ||
| Meat, fish, poultry, eggs | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | ||
| Fats and high fat/sugar foods and drinks | 7.5±0.4 | 7.9±0.2 | 7.6±0.3 | 8.0±0.2 | 8.0±0.2 | 7.6±0.2 | 7.9±0.2 | 7.8±0.3 | 8.0±0.2 | 7.7±0.2 | ||
| Food pyramid compliance | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.3±0.1 | 2.4±0.1 | ||
| Physical activity (%) | ||||||||||||
| Low activity | 45.8 | 43.6 | 46.4 | 43.8 | 47.8 | 44.7 | 48.5 | 45.0 | 49.2 | 43.3 | ||
| Moderate activity | 30.3 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 29.0 | 29.3 | 30.6 | 32.1 | 30.0 | 25.7 | 33.4 | ||
| High activity | 23.9 | 25.0 | 23.0 | 27.2 | 22.9 | 24.6 | 19.4 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 23.3 | ||
| Meeting activity recommendations | 21.7 | 19.9 | 19.0 | 20.5 | 22.2 | 16.0 | 20.1 | 19.8 | 21.1 | 18.8 | ||
| Total PA (mins/day)3 | 158±20.6 | 143±7.4 | 141±11.8 | 146±8.1 | 157±9.0** | 121±9.3 | 143±7.4 | 156±12.7 | 149±0.0 | 140 ±10.0 | ||
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 61.3 | 51.3 | 56.7 | 51.0 | 53.7 | 49.8 | 53.1 | 51.6 | 54.3 | 49.9 | ||
| Former smoker | 24.5 | 31.6 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 29.7 | 32.7 | 29.6 | 34.5 | 29.1 | 32.8 | ||
| Current smoker | 14.1 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 17.5 | 17.1 | 13.9 | 16.6 | 17.3 | ||
| Alcohol intake (%) | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 14.3 | 19.6 | 20.6 | 18.1 | 19.2 | 17.6 | 18.3 | 19.7 | 18.8 | 18.6 | ||
| Moderate drinker | 76.2 | 65.3 | 66.1 | 66.5 | 66.4 | 66.4 | 67.2 | 64.1 | 68.3 | 63.8 | ||
| Heavy drinker | 9.5 | 15.1 | 13.3 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 16.2 | 12.9 | 17.6 | ||
| Hazardous drinker | 67.5 | 69.9 | 65.1 | 71.0 | 69.2 | 70.4 | 69.2 | 72.4 | 68.5 | 71.0 | ||
| Within recommendations | 90.5 | 90.3 | 89.9 | 89.9 | 90.0 | 89.5 | 90.3 | 88.9 | 90.5 | 89.0 | ||
1Using metabolic syndrome variables. 2Using homeostasis model only. 3Daily physical activity duration based on a typical day of activity. Abbreviations: PA Physical activity. Values for continuous variables are presented as means ± SEM and categorical variables are presented as percentages. Statistical analysis conducted using Students t-test for continuous variables and Chi-Square test for categorical variables. * represents P < 0.05 compared to MUNO obtained using t-tests. ** represents P < 0.01 compared to MUNO obtained using t-test.