Table 5. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for high HbA1c (≥5.7 NGSP) according to genotype and clinical risk factors among 2046 men and women.
| n | High HbA1c |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
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| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 948 | 231 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Women | 1098 | 243 | 0.88 | (0.72–1.08) | 0.92 | (0.69–1.25) | 1.05 | (0.74–1.49) |
| PPARG Pro12Ala (C/G) (rs1801282) | ||||||||
| PP | 1921 | 454 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| PA + AA | 125 | 20 | 0.62 | (0.38–1.00) | 0.61 | (0.36–1.03) | 0.54 | (0.28–1.04) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 35–39 | 86 | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| 40–49 | 347 | 47 | 2.54 | (0.98–6.59) | 2.00 | (0.76–5.28) | 2.18 | (0.74–6.44) |
| 50–59 | 760 | 187 | 5.29 | (2.11–13.24) | 4.21 | (1.65–10.75) | 4.29 | (1.51–12.19) |
| 60–69 | 853 | 235 | 6.16 | (2.47–15.39) | 4.61 | (1.81–11.78) | 4.31 | (1.51–12.29) |
| P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend = 0.0002 | ||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 523 | 72 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Q2 | 515 | 98 | 1.47 | (1.06–2.05) | 1.34 | (0.95–1.90) | 1.24 | (0.84–1.83) |
| Q3 | 513 | 137 | 2.28 | (1.66–3.13) | 2.04 | (1.46–2.85) | 1.88 | (1.28–2.75) |
| Q4 (highest) | 494 | 137 | 3.20 | (2.34–4.34) | 2.87 | (2.07–3.98) | 2.56 | (1.75–3.75) |
| P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 431 | 105 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Q2 | 493 | 126 | 1.07 | (0.79–1.44) | 0.95 | (0.68–1.33) | 0.98 | (0.66–1.47) |
| Q3 | 532 | 117 | 0.88 | (0.65–1.18) | 0.74 | (0.53–1.03) | 0.62 | (0.41–0.94) |
| Q4 (highest) | 590 | 126 | 0.84 | (0.63–1.13) | 0.76 | (0.54–1.06) | 0.81 | (0.54–1.22) |
| P for trend = 0.1221 | P for trend = 0.0407 | P for trend = 0.1350 | ||||||
| Alcohola | ||||||||
| Never | 885 | 234 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Former | 43 | 5 | 0.37 | (0.14–0.94) | 0.35 | (0.13–0.93) | 0.30 | (0.09–1.02) |
| Current 0.1–22.9 g/d | 675 | 139 | 0.72 | (0.57–0.92) | 0.77 | (0.58–1.00) | 0.93 | (0.68–1.28) |
| 23.0–45.9 g/d | 220 | 59 | 1.02 | (0.73–1.42) | 1.13 | (0.74–1.75) | 1.52 | (0.91–2.55) |
| 46.0+ g/d | 192 | 33 | 0.58 | (0.39–0.86) | 0.65 | (0.37–1.16) | 1.12 | (0.57–2.21) |
| P for trend = 0.0120 | P for trend = 0.1583 | P for trend = 0.6605 | ||||||
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||||
| Negative | 1668 | 344 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
| Positive | 378 | 130 | 2.02 | (1.58–2.57) | 2.15 | (1.66–2.80) | 2.15 | (1.57–2.94) |
Model 1: Crude OR.
Model 2: Adjusted for PPARG2 genotype (PP or PA + AA), age (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), energy intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous), ethanol intake (never, former, or current drinker consuming 0.1–22.9, 23.0–45.9, or ≥46 g ethanol/d), and smoking (never, former, or current smoker of 1–19, 20–39, or ≥40 cigarettes/d), and family history of diabetes (positive or negative).
Model 3: Further excluded subjects who answered that they had restricted food intake due to the results of blood testing for glucose and cholesterol. Ajusted for same variables in Model 2.
aAlcohol intake data were missing for 31 subjects.