Table 2a. Crude and adjusted meansa (%) and 95% CIs of HbA1c (NGSP) by clinical risk factors and parental family history of diabetes in 1280 men.
| Crude mean |
(95% CI) | Adjusted meana |
(95% CI) | |
| Age | ||||
| 35–39 | 5.31 | (5.12–5.50) | 5.28 | (5.09–5.46) |
| 40–49 | 5.45 | (5.36–5.54) | 5.43 | (5.35–5.52) |
| 50–59 | 5.60 | (5.54–5.66) | 5.59 | (5.53–5.65) |
| 60–69 | 5.55 | (5.49–5.60) | 5.56 | (5.51–5.61) |
| P for trend = 0.0316 | P for trend = 0.0002 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Q1: <21.7 | 5.45 | (5.38–5.52) | 5.44 | (5.37–5.51) |
| Q2: 21.7 to <23.6 | 5.49 | (5.42–5.56) | 5.50 | (5.43–5.56) |
| Q3: 23.6 to <25.4 | 5.58 | (5.51–5.65) | 5.56 | (5.49–5.63) |
| Q4: ≥25.4 | 5.65 | (5.58–5.72) | 5.65 | (5.59–5.72) |
| P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend < 0.0001 | |||
| Energy (kcal/day) | ||||
| Q1: <1700 | 5.62 | (5.55–5.70) | 5.62 | (5.54–5.69) |
| Q2: 1700 to <1880 | 5.53 | (5.46–5.60) | 5.52 | (5.45–5.59) |
| Q3: 1880 to <2100 | 5.55 | (5.48–5.62) | 5.54 | (5.48–5.61) |
| Q4: ≥2100 | 5.47 | (5.41–5.54) | 5.49 | (5.42–5.56) |
| P for trend = 0.0070 | P for trend = 0.0332 | |||
| Fat (energy %) | ||||
| Q1: <16.6 | 5.53 | (5.46–5.60) | 5.55 | (5.47–5.62) |
| Q2: 16.6 to <19.2 | 5.59 | (5.52–5.66) | 5.58 | (5.51–5.65) |
| Q3: 19.2 to <22.6 | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) |
| Q4: ≥22.6 | 5.54 | (5.47–5.61) | 5.52 | (5.45–5.59) |
| P for trend = 0.8066 | P for trend = 0.3559 | |||
| Protein (energy %) | ||||
| Q1: <10.6 | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) | 5.55 | (5.48–5.62) |
| Q2: 10.6 to <11.6 | 5.54 | (5.47–5.61) | 5.55 | (5.48–5.62) |
| Q3: 11.6 to <12.6 | 5.55 | (5.48–5.63) | 5.54 | (5.47–5.61) |
| Q4: ≥12.6 | 5.55 | (5.48–5.62) | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) |
| P for trend = 0.4108 | P for trend = 0.4339 | |||
| Carbohydrate (energy %) | ||||
| Q1: <54.2 | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) | 5.52 | (5.44–5.61) |
| Q2: 54.2 to <58.5 | 5.53 | (5.46–5.60) | 5.52 | (5.45–5.59) |
| Q3: 58.5 to <61.9 | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) | 5.50 | (5.42–5.57) |
| Q4: ≥61.9 | 5.61 | (5.54–5.68) | 5.61 | (5.53–5.70) |
| P for trend = 0.0904 | P for trend = 0.2278 | |||
| Physical activity level (MET·h/day)b | ||||
| Q1: <4.1 | 5.54 | (5.47–5.61) | 5.53 | (5.46–5.60) |
| Q2: 4.1 to <9.1 | 5.53 | (5.46–5.60) | 5.52 | (5.45–5.58) |
| Q3: 9.1 to <18.0 | 5.56 | (5.49–5.63) | 5.55 | (5.48–5.62) |
| Q4: ≥18.0 | 5.54 | (5.47–5.61) | 5.56 | (5.48–5.63) |
| P for trend = 0.9293 | P for trend = 0.5414 | |||
| Alcoholb | ||||
| Never | 5.60 | (5.53–5.68) | 5.59 | (5.52–5.67) |
| Former | 5.57 | (5.34–5.81) | 5.55 | (5.32–5.79) |
| Current 0.1–22.9 g/d | 5.54 | (5.48–5.60) | 5.55 | (5.49–5.61) |
| 23.0–45.9 g/d | 5.55 | (5.47–5.63) | 5.55 | (5.48–5.63) |
| 46.0+ g/d | 5.44 | (5.36–5.52) | 5.44 | (5.36–5.52) |
| P for trend = 0.0082 | P for trend = 0.0153 | |||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) | 5.50 | (5.43–5.57) |
| Former | 5.54 | (5.49–5.60) | 5.54 | (5.48–5.59) |
| Current 1–19 cigarettes/d | 5.50 | (5.38–5.61) | 5.50 | (5.39–5.62) |
| 20–39 cigarettes/d | 5.59 | (5.50–5.67) | 5.60 | (5.52–5.69) |
| ≥40 cigarettes/d | 5.67 | (5.46–5.88) | 5.67 | (5.46–5.88) |
| P for trend = 0.1338 | P for trend = 0.0508 | |||
| Family history of diabetes | ||||
| Positive | 5.73 | (5.64–5.82) | 5.71 | (5.62–5.80) |
| Negative | 5.50 | (5.46–5.55) | 5.51 | (5.47–5.55) |
| Unknown | 5.52 | (5.45–5.60) | 5.51 | (5.44–5.58) |
| P for trend < 0.0001 | P for trend < 0.0001 | |||
NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; MET·h, metabolic equivalent-hours per day.
aAdjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), energy intake (continuous), physical activity level (continuous), ethanol intake (never, former, or current drinker consuming 0.1–22.9, 23.0–45.9, or ≥46 g ethanol/d), and smoking (never, former, or current smoker of 1–19, 20–39, or ≥40 cigarettes/d), and family history of diabetes (positive, negative, or unknown).
bAlcohol intake data were missing for 20 men. Physical activity data were missing for 9 men.