Table 6. Hazard ratios (95% CI) for onset of functional disability.
| Bivariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Mujin | ||||
| Intensity and attitudea | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) |
| Financinga | 1.21 (1.07–1.38) | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) |
| Age: 75+ (vs <75) | 4.69 (2.93–7.49) | 4.26 (2.52–7.22) | 4.78 (2.75–8.33) | 5.06 (2.88–8.87) |
| Male (vs female) | 1.66 (1.16–2.39) | 1.80 (1.16–2.77) | 1.60 (0.99–2.59) | 2.56 (1.34–4.90) |
| Having spouse: no (vs yes) | 1.47 (1.02–2.11) | 1.64 (0.98–2.75) | 1.75 (1.01–3.04) | 2.00 (1.12–3.57) |
| Household members (base: 3+ people) | ||||
| Living alone | 0.53 (0.24–1.15) | 0.50 (0.17–1.47) | 0.49 (0.20–1.20) | 0.57 (0.23–1.42) |
| 2 | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.96 (0.57–1.60) | 1.03 (0.61–1.74) | 1.14 (0.67–1.95) |
| Physical health (SF-36, PCS score)a | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
| Education: high school graduate or higher (vs less than high school graduate) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.92 (0.57–1.50) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) |
| Income (log-transformed: yen/month) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) |
| Social activity (base: not active) | ||||
| Normal | 0.43 (0.27–0.67) | 0.55 (0.32–0.93) | 0.54 (0.31–0.92) | |
| Active | 0.32 (0.20–0.53) | 0.32 (0.18–0.56) | 0.30 (0.17–0.54) | |
| Very active | 0.36 (0.19–0.70) | 0.34 (0.16–0.73) | 0.33 (0.15–0.72) | |
| Smoking habits (Base: Never) | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.18 (0.80–1.74) | 0.68 (0.37–1.25) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.20 (0.70–2.04) | 1.11 (0.53–2.36) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (Base: nondrinker; g/day) | ||||
| 1–20 | 1.38 (0.86–2.23) | 1.12 (0.61–2.05) | ||
| 21–40 | 0.67 (0.41–1.08) | 0.55 (0.30–1.01) | ||
| 40+ | 0.43 (0.23–0.81) | 0.39 (0.18–0.84) | ||
| Exercise habits (yes) (vs no) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) |
aHR is per 1-SD increase.