Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the Hatoyama Cohort Study (2010) by age and sex.
| All | Men | Women | P-value | |||||
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|
|
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| 65–74 y | ≥75 y | 65–74 y | ≥75 y | |||||
| Number of individuals | 742 | 305 | 123 | 213 | 101 | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | mean ± SD | 71.9 ± 5.2 | 69.2 ± 2.7 | 78.5 ± 2.8 | 68.7 ± 2.7 | 79.0 ± 2.8 | 0.269 | |
| Sex | men, % | 57.7 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Family members | living alone, % | 7.7 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 0.248 | |
| 2, % | 46.6 | 52.8 | 44.7 | 46.9 | 29.7 | |||
| ≥3, % | 46.0 | 42.9 | 45.5 | 43.7 | 58.4 | |||
| Marital status | married, % | 82.8 | 93.4 | 85.4 | 81.6 | 50.0 | <0.001 | |
| divorced/widowed, % | 16.2 | 4.9 | 13.8 | 18.0 | 50.0 | |||
| unmarried, % | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.0 | |||
| Subjective social class | upper, % | 3.6 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 0.019 | |
| middle, % | 82.7 | 82.6 | 77.2 | 84.9 | 85.2 | |||
| lower, % | 13.6 | 13.8 | 21.1 | 10.3 | 10.9 | |||
| Subjective poverty level | affluent, % | 18.7 | 18.4 | 17.0 | 20.3 | 18.8 | 0.374 | |
| middle, % | 72.7 | 73.4 | 69.1 | 71.7 | 77.2 | |||
| poor, % | 8.5 | 8.2 | 13.9 | 8.0 | 4.0 | |||
| Years of education | ≥13, % | 34.2 | 50.5 | 41.5 | 18.5 | 9.0 | <0.001 | |
| Long-term occupation | blue-collar, % | 25.4 | 26.2 | 36.6 | 17.5 | 25.7 | <0.001 | |
| white-collar, % | 52.0 | 73.8 | 63.4 | 28.8 | 20.8 | |||
| unemployed/housewife, % | 22.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 53.8 | 53.5 | |||
| Current job | yes, % | 22.8 | 30.8 | 18.7 | 19.3 | 10.9 | <0.001 | |
| Medical and lifestyle characteristics | ||||||||
| Smoking | current smoking, % | 11.5 | 19.0 | 13.0 | 4.2 | 2.0 | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol consumption | every day, % | 29.2 | 16.9 | 45.5 | 7.0 | 3.0 | <0.001 | |
| sometimes, % | 18.1 | 21.7 | 17.9 | 15.0 | 13.8 | |||
| none/rarely, % | 52.7 | 31.5 | 36.6 | 78.0 | 83.2 | |||
| Body composition | ||||||||
| BMI | <18.5, % | 5.3 | 2.6 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 0.088 | |
| 18.5–25.0, % | 64.4 | 66.7 | 54.8 | 69.2 | 59.8 | |||
| ≥25.0, % | 30.2 | 30.8 | 38.3 | 24.1 | 31.5 | |||
| Cardiovascular function | ||||||||
| baPWV (cm/s) | <1400, % | 7.3 | 6.9 | 2.5 | 12.7 | 3.0 | <0.001 | |
| 1400–1700, % | 29.5 | 32.7 | 16.5 | 39.2 | 15.0 | |||
| ≥1700, % | 63.2 | 60.4 | 81.0 | 48.1 | 82.0 | |||
| ABI | <0.9, % | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.292 | |
| 0.9–1.0, % | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | |||
| ≥1.0, % | 97.6 | 98.0 | 95.0 | 98.1 | 98.0 | |||
| Nutritional function | ||||||||
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | mean ± SD | 203 ± 35 | 196 ± 32 | 191 ± 36 | 218 ± 35 | 205 ± 33 | <0.001 | |
| Blood hemoglobin (g/dl) | mean ± SD | 13.3 ± 1.3 | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 13.5 ± 1.4 | 12.8 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |
| Physical function | ||||||||
| Grip strength (kg) | mean ± SD | 28.2 ± 8.2 | 34.8 ± 5.6 | 30.4 ± 5.5 | 21.9 ± 4.2 | 18.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | |
| Usual walking speed (m/s) | mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Psychological function | ||||||||
| Self-rated health | good, % | 85.6 | 88.2 | 76.4 | 88.3 | 83.1 | 0.008 | |
| GDS (range: 0–15) | ≥6, % | 12.6 | 9.8 | 17.2 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 0.140 | |
| Cognitive function | ||||||||
| MMSE (range: 0–30) | ≤26, % | 11.7 | 8.6 | 18.9 | 7.1 | 22.2 | <0.001 | |
| Activities of daily living | ||||||||
| BADL independency | 99.9 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.698 | ||
| Instrumental self-maintenance (range: 0–5) | full points, % | 96.0 | 96.4 | 93.5 | 98.6 | 92.1 | 0.021 | |
| Intellectual activity (range: 0–4) | full points, % | 83.0 | 85.2 | 78.0 | 85.8 | 76.2 | 0.052 | |
| Social role (range: 0–4) | full points, % | 72.7 | 68.9 | 67.5 | 79.7 | 76.2 | 0.020 | |
| Social function | ||||||||
| Social network | contact with others (except cohabitating family members) more than once a week, % |
91.5 | 87.2 | 91.1 | 95.8 | 96.0 | 0.002 | |
| Social support | receiving instrumental support, % | 99.2 | 99.0 | 97.6 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.081 | |
| receiving informational support, % | 98.5 | 98.4 | 95.9 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 0.035 | ||
| receiving emotional support, % | 98.4 | 97.7 | 96.7 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 0.097 | ||
| receiving appraisal support, % | 95.3 | 95.1 | 88.6 | 98.6 | 97.0 | <0.001 | ||
| General trust | yes, % | 86.0 | 87.8 | 88.6 | 82.5 | 85.2 | 0.293 | |
| Norm of reciprocity | yes, % | 84.6 | 84.6 | 80.3 | 87.3 | 84.2 | 0.411 | |
| Neighborhood environment | ||||||||
| Aesthetics | good aesthetics, % | 81.4 | 81.3 | 76.4 | 85.3 | 80.0 | 0.224 | |
| Green space | extensive green space, % | 90.6 | 92.2 | 88.6 | 89.6 | 90.0 | 0.643 | |
| Access | good access, % | 44.3 | 45.3 | 49.6 | 40.5 | 43.0 | 0.428 | |
| Frailty | ||||||||
| Kaigo-yobo checklist (range: 0–15) | ≥4 (frailty), % | 10.6 | 7.5 | 18.6 | 4.0 | 24.8 | <0.001 | |
Missing values were removed.
P value for the difference among 4 groups.
BMI: body mass index. baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. ABI: ankle brachial index. GDS: Geriatrics Depression Scale. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. BADL: basic activities of daily living.
BADL independence was defined as independence in all 5 types of BADL.