Table 3. Baseline characteristics of the Hatoyama Cohort Study (2010) by age and residential area.
| Old town | New town | P-value | |||||
|
|
|
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| 65–74 y | ≥75 y | 65–74 y | ≥75 y | ||||
| Number of individuals | 178 | 81 | 340 | 143 | |||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age | mean ± SD | 69.2 ± 2.7 | 79.0 ± 2.8 | 68.9 ± 2.7 | 78.6 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | |
| Sex | men, % | 53.4 | 48.1 | 61.8 | 58.7 | 0.080 | |
| Family members | living alone, % | 6.2 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 12.6 | <0.001 | |
| 2, % | 36.0 | 18.5 | 57.9 | 49.0 | |||
| ≥3, % | 57.8 | 74.1 | 35.6 | 38.4 | |||
| Marital status | married, % | 82.5 | 63.0 | 91.8 | 73.2 | <0.001 | |
| divorced/widowed, % | 14.7 | 37.0 | 8.0 | 26.1 | |||
| unmarried, % | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |||
| Subjective social class | upper, % | 2.8 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 2.8 | <0.001 | |
| middle, % | 77.5 | 74.1 | 86.7 | 84.7 | |||
| lower, % | 19.6 | 23.5 | 8.6 | 12.6 | |||
| Subjective poverty level | affluent, % | 10.7 | 19.8 | 23.6 | 16.8 | <0.001 | |
| middle, % | 76.4 | 71.6 | 70.8 | 73.4 | |||
| poor, % | 12.9 | 8.6 | 5.6 | 9.8 | |||
| Years of education | ≥13, % | 18.1 | 12.3 | 47.5 | 35.2 | <0.001 | |
| Long-term occupation | blue-collar, % | 41.6 | 54.3 | 12.7 | 18.9 | <0.001 | |
| white-collar, % | 39.9 | 27.2 | 63.4 | 53.8 | |||
| unemployed/housewife, % | 18.5 | 18.5 | 23.9 | 27.3 | |||
| Current job | yes, % | 39.3 | 32.1 | 19.2 | 5.6 | <0.001 | |
| Medical and lifestyle characteristics | |||||||
| Smoking | current smoking, % | 12.4 | 8.6 | 13.2 | 7.7 | 0.278 | |
| Alcohol consumption | every day, % | 28.7 | 17.3 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 0.006 | |
| sometimes, % | 16.3 | 12.3 | 20.3 | 18.2 | |||
| none/rarely, % | 55.0 | 70.3 | 48.2 | 50.4 | |||
| Body composition | |||||||
| BMI | <18.5, % | 3.0 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 8.3 | 0.219 | |
| 18.5–25.0, % | 64.5 | 61.3 | 69.5 | 54.5 | |||
| ≥25.0, % | 32.5 | 32.0 | 25.5 | 37.1 | |||
| Cardiovascular function | |||||||
| baPWV (cm/s) | <1400, % | 8.5 | 3.8 | 9.8 | 2.1 | <0.001 | |
| 1400–1700, % | 34.5 | 21.3 | 35.8 | 12.8 | |||
| ≥1700, % | 57.1 | 75.0 | 54.4 | 85.1 | |||
| ABI | <0.9, % | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 0.205 | |
| 0.9–1.0, % | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | |||
| ≥1.0, % | 99.4 | 97.5 | 97.3 | 95.7 | |||
| Nutritional function | |||||||
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | mean ± SD | 198 ± 35 | 199 ± 40 | 209 ± 35 | 196 ± 32 | <0.001 | |
| Blood hemoglobin (g/dl) | mean ± SD | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | |
| Physical function | |||||||
| Grip strength (kg) | mean ± SD | 28.3 ± 8.3 | 24.4 ± 7.7 | 30.1 ± 8.0 | 25.6 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | |
| Usual walking speed (m/s) | mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
| Psychological function | |||||||
| Self-rated health | good, % | 85.4 | 85.1 | 89.8 | 76.2 | 0.002 | |
| GDS (range: 0–15) | ≥6, % | 15.2 | 13.6 | 8.5 | 18.3 | 0.015 | |
| Cognitive function | |||||||
| MMSE (range: 0–30) | ≤26, % | 15.3 | 23.8 | 4.1 | 18.4 | <0.001 | |
| Activities of daily living | |||||||
| Instrumental self-maintenance (range: 0–5) | full points, % | 96.1 | 90.1 | 97.9 | 94.4 | 0.010 | |
| Intellectual activity (range: 0–4) | full points, % | 78.7 | 66.7 | 89.1 | 83.2 | <0.001 | |
| Social role (range: 0–4) | full points, % | 74.2 | 76.5 | 72.9 | 68.5 | 0.562 | |
| Social function | |||||||
| Social network | contact with others (except cohabitating family members) more than once a week, % |
92.7 | 96.3 | 89.7 | 91.6 | 0.247 | |
| Social support | receiving instrumental support, % | 98.9 | 100.0 | 99.7 | 97.9 | 0.172 | |
| receiving informational support, % | 97.2 | 98.8 | 99.7 | 97.2 | 0.067 | ||
| receiving emotional support, % | 97.2 | 100.0 | 99.1 | 97.2 | 0.149 | ||
| receiving appraisal support, % | 94.9 | 95.1 | 97.3 | 90.8 | 0.024 | ||
| General trust | yes, % | 78.5 | 82.7 | 89.4 | 85.5 | 0.003 | |
| Norm of reciprocity | yes, % | 85.4 | 80.0 | 85.8 | 83.2 | 0.573 | |
| Neighborhood environment | |||||||
| Aesthetics | good aesthetics, % | 76.4 | 74.1 | 86.4 | 80.3 | 0.009 | |
| Green space | extensive green space, % | 84.8 | 77.7 | 94.4 | 95.7 | <0.001 | |
| Access | good access, % | 20.2 | 28.4 | 55.5 | 57.0 | <0.001 | |
| Frailty | |||||||
| Kaigo-yobo checklist (range: 0–15) | ≥4 (frailty), % | 5.8 | 19.0 | 6.1 | 22.6 | <0.001 | |
Missing values were removed.
P value for the difference among 4 groups.
BMI: body mass index. baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. ABI: ankle brachial index. GDS: Geriatrics Depression Scale. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.