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HDAC4 increases Gadd45a mRNA via an ATF4-independent mechanism. In ATF4 mKO mice and wild-type littermates, one TA muscle was transfected with 20 μg p-HDAC4-FLAG, and the contralateral TA (Control) was transfected with 20 μg empty plasmid (pcDNA3). Bilateral TAs were harvested 4 days later for qPCR analysis of Gadd45a mRNA expression. In each mouse, Gadd45a mRNA levels in the presence of HDAC4 were normalized to levels in the absence of HDAC4. Data are means ± SE from 10 mice/genotype.
