Table 1.
Toxicity parameters of nanoparticles of pure metals and metal compounds tested in adult fish and eggs of zebrafish Danio rerio and teratogenicity of these nanoparticles.
| Nanoparticle | Stage | n | 48-h LC50 mg/L | 96-h LC0mg/L | 96-h LC50mg/L | 96-h LC100mg/L | Teratogenicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum oxide(Al2O3) <50 nm | adult | 20 | >800.0 | ND | >800.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >800.0 | ND | >800.0 | ND | PH (p=0.033) | |
| Aluminum titanate(Al2O3.TiO2) <25 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | no | |
| Barium ferrite(BaFe12O19) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.087) | |
| Bismuth oxide(Bi2O3) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | no | |
| Chromium oxide(Cr2O3) | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | no | |
| CopperCu <100 nm | adult | 30 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 3.8 | 10.0 | |
| eggs | 40 | 24.0 | 5.0 | 24.0 | ND | DH, M | |
| Copper oxide(CuO) <50nm | adult | 90 | 400.0 | 12.5 | 400.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 30 | 960.0 | 400.0 | 840.0 | 1600.0 | no | |
| Copper zinc iron oxide(CuZnFe4O4) <100 nm | adult | 50 | 390.0 | 100.0 | 320.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 30 | ND | 800.0 | 2600.0 | ND | M? | |
| Gold(Au) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >200.0 | ND | >200.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >200.0 | ND | >200.0 | ND | no | |
| Iron nickel oxide(NiFe2O4) <50 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.011) | |
| Iron oxide(Fe2O3) <50 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.033) | |
| Magnesium hydroxide(Mg(OH)2) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | no | |
| Magnesium oxide(MgO) <50 nm | adult | 30 | 140.0 | ND | 140.0 | 400.0 | |
| eggs | 20 | >3200.0 | 1600.0 | >3200.0 | ND | no | |
| Nickel(Ni) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >400.0 | ND | >400.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >400.0 | ND | >400.0 | ND | no | |
| Nickel oxide(NiO) | adult | 30 | 760.0 | 200.0 | 420.0 | 800.0 | |
| eggs | 30 | 1700.0 | 800.0 | 1300.0 | ND | DH, M | |
| Palladium(Pd) <25 nm | adult | 20 | >100.0 | ND | >100.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >100.0 | ND | >100.0 | ND | PH (p=0.020) | |
| Platinum(Pt) <50 nm | adult | 20 | >100.0 | ND | >100.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >100.0 | ND | >100.0 | ND | no | |
| Silver(Ag) | adult | 30 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 10.0 | |
| eggs | 40 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 10.0 | M | |
| Tin(Sn) <150 nm | adult | 20 | >800.0 | ND | >800.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >800.0 | 800.0 | >800.0 | ND | no | |
| Tin oxide(SnO2) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.081) | |
| Titanium oxide(TiO2) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.020) | |
| Tungsten(W) <150 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | PH (p=0.087) | |
| Tungsten oxide(WO3) <100 nm | adult | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | |
| eggs | 20 | >1600.0 | ND | >1600.0 | ND | no |
LC100 - minimum concentration causing 100% mortality; LC0 - maximum concentration causing no mortality; ND - not determined; n - number of fish used for calculation of LC50 value; p - statistical significance; PH - premature hatching; DH - delayed hatching; M - malformations; no - concentration ≤100 mg/L causing no teratogenicity