Table 1.

Factors involved in HIV-1 and EBV interplay through B cell activation.

Factors		Mechanism(s)	Reference
HIV-1 proteins	Virions	Virions bind to B cells through CD21 and transmit infection to T cells	Moir et al. (2000)
	gp120	Binding to C-type lectins and induced immunoglobulin class switch recombination through a CD40-independent mechanism	He et al. (2006)
		Induction of TNF-α and hypergammaglobulinemia	Rieckmann et al. (1991)
	gp120 (X4 strains)	Increased proliferation capability of EBV+ B cells	Iyengar and Schwartz (2011)
	gp41	Induced activation of IL-6 and IL-10 pro-inflammatory cytokines	Takeshita et al. (1995)
	Nef	Activation of B cells and induction of hypergammaglobulinemia through ferritin produced via Nef-mediated activation of NF-κB	Swingler et al. (2008)
		Suppression of CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching	Qiao et al. (2006)
	Tat	Binding to Rb2/p130 and induction of cell cycle genes; modulation of cell cycle and increased proliferative capability of EBV+ B cells	Lazzi et al. (2002); Colombrino et al. (2004)
PAMPs*	LPS	Engagement and activation of TLR4; induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Brenchley et al. (2006)
	16S rDNA, CpG DNA	Engagement and activation of TLR9; suppression of EBV lytic cycle through inhibition of BZLF expression	Ladell et al. (2007); Zauner and Nadal (2012)
DAMPs**	mtDNA	Engagement of TLR9 and suppression of EBV lytic cycle	Zhang et al. (2010)
	HMGB1	Engagement of TLR2 and TLR4; induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Scaffidi et al. (2002)

^*Pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

^**Damage-associated molecular patterns.